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| 3. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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- Anand, Rajagopal, et al.
(författare)
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Neoarchean crustal growth by accretionary processes: Evidence from combined zircon–titanite U–Pb isotope studies on granitoid rocks around the Hutti greenstone belt, eastern Dharwar Craton, India
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. - : Elsevier. - 1367-9120 .- 1878-5786. ; 79, s. 72-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Neoarchean Hutti greenstone belt hosts mesothermal gold deposits and is surrounded by granitoid rocks on all sides. Combined U–Pb dating of zircon and titanite from the granitoid rocks constrains their emplacement history and subsequent geologic evolution. The Golapalli and Yelagatti granodiorites occurring to the north of the Hutti greenstone belt were emplaced at 2569 ± 17 Ma. The Yelagatti granodiorite yielded a younger titanite age of 2530 ± 6 Ma which indicates that it was affected by a post-crystallization thermal event that exceeded the titanite closure temperature. The western granodiorites from Kardikal have identical titanite and zircon ages of 2557 ± 6 Ma and 2559 ± 19 Ma, respectively. The eastern Kavital granodiorites yielded titanite ages of 2547 ± 6 Ma and 2544 ± 24 Ma which are identical to the published U–Pb zircon SHRIMP ages. These ages imply that the granitoid rocks surrounding the Hutti greenstone belt were formed as discrete batholiths within a short span of ca. 40 Ma between 2570 Ma and 2530 Ma ago. They were juxtaposed by horizontal tectonic forces against the supracrustal rocks that had formed in oceanic settings at the end of the Archean. The first phase of gold mineralization coincided with the last phase of granodiorite intrusion in the Hutti area. A metamorphic overprint occurred at ca. 2300 Ma ago that reset the Rb–Sr isotope system in biotites and possibly caused hydrothermal activity and enrichment of Au in the ore lodes. The eastern Dharwar Craton consists of quartz monzodiorite–granodiorite–granite suites of rocks that are younger than the greenstone belts that are older than ~2650 Ma reported from earlier studies. The granitoid magmatism took place between 2650 and 2510 Ma ago indicating accretionary growth of the eastern Dharwar Craton.
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- Anand, Srinivasan, et al.
(författare)
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High aspect ratio etching and characterization of 2D-photonic crystals in InP/InGaAsP/InP heterostructures
- 2004
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Ingår i: Photonics. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 0819451703 ; , s. 78-89
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the fabrication and characterization of 2D photonic crystals (PhCs) in InP/InGaAsP/InP heterostructures. It is demonstrated that Ar/C12 based chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) is a very promising method to obtain high aspect ratio etching of PhCs in the InP-based materials. With this process, it is possible to obtain PC-holes as deep as 3 microns even for feature (PhC-hole) sizes as small as 200-250 nm. The optical characteristics of the fabricated PhC-based elements/devices such as line-defect waveguides, in-plane resonant cavities and drop-filter based on contra-directional coupling will be reported. The devices were measured using end-fire coupling and the obtained results were simulated using the 2D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method including an effective loss-approximation. The etched PhC-waveguides show low transmission losses, less than 1 dB/100 mum. A quality factor of 400 for a 6 micron long cavity with 6-hole mirrors is obtained. Finally, drop-functionality in a PhC-based filter using contra-directional coupling is demonstrated.
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| 6. |
- Anand, Srinivasan, et al.
(författare)
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InP-based photonic crystal waveguide filters
- 2010
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Ingår i: 2010 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition, ACP 2010. - 9781424471119 ; , s. 104-105
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Anand, Srinivasan, et al.
(författare)
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InP-Based Photonic Crystal Waveguide Technology for Filtering and Sensing Applications
- 2011
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Ingår i: 2011 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS (ICTON). - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9781457708800
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photonic crystal (PhC) components in InP-based materials are of practical importance not only for their unique properties but also for integration with conventional optoelectronic components on InP substrate. Several PhC devices in the substrate approach such as filters, lasers, and waveguides have been demonstrated [1,2] and this has been possible due to the development of deep etching of PhCs in InP [3].
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| 8. |
- Anand, Srinivasan, et al.
(författare)
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InP-based two dimensional photonic crystals : A material and processing perspective
- 2008
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Ingår i: ICTON 2008. - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9781424426256 ; , s. 25-25
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The talk will address fabrication and characterization of InP-based two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PhCs). The emphasis will be on material and processing issues. In particular, high aspect ratio etching of PhCs in the InP-based materials will be discussed, including feature-size dependent etching and its impact on the optical properties of PhCs. The physical basis for modification of carrier lifetimes of quantum wells in etched PhCs due to the so-called accumulated side-wall damage and methods to control carrier lifetimes relevant for emitter and switching applications will be discussed. Fundamental investigations of carrier transport across PhC structures will be reported and a new method to determine the etched side-wall Surface potential will be demonstrated.
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| 9. |
- Anand, Srinivasan, et al.
(författare)
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Optical Coatings and Films Based on Photonic Semiconductor Nanostructure Assemblies
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 19TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS (ICTON). - : IEEE.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photonic semiconductor nanostructure assemblies offer unique possibilities for light manipulation as well as for tailoring light-matter interaction by appropriate choice of their geometrical and material properties. The material-structure combination offers a variety of options for wavelength specific applications, deriving from the electronic properties of semiconductors and optical properties of individual and assemblies of nanostructures (particles, disks, pillars/wires etc.). We present an overview of our research on optical coatings based on semiconductor nanostructure assemblies focusing on their optical properties, different fabrication technologies and selected application examples. Design and simulations of the optical coatings are performed by finite difference time domain calculations, and are used as a guideline for fabrication. We discuss different routes for fabrication of nanostructured optical films/coatings including directed assembly and patterning of nanoparticles from solution phase, solution synthesis, combination of dry etching and colloidal lithography, transfer printing, and generation of flexible polymer films with embedded nanostructures. The fabricated films are validated by optical measurements and some device specific properties such as omni-directional broad-band anti-reflection in solar cells and efficient light extraction in light emitting diodes are demonstrated.
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| 10. |
- Anand, Srinivasan, et al.
(författare)
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Towards realization of high quality 2D-photonic crystals in InP/GaInAsP/InP
- 2004
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Ingår i: 2004 International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, Conference Proceedings. - 0780385950 ; , s. 311-313
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) were etched into InP/GaInAsP/InP planar waveguides using chlorine based chemical assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE). Etching mechanisms and process parameters crucial for high quality PhC definition are discussed, with special attention to the lag-effect. The processed PhCs were optically characterized by measuring transmission through simple slabs and one-dimensional cavities. The optical properties inside the photonic bandgap are much better compared to both previously reported CAME results and results obtained with other etching methods. In particular, we measured a record quality factor of 310 for one-dimensional cavities fabricated in this material system.
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