| 1. |
- Wang, Haidong, et al.
(författare)
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Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- 2016
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Ingår i: The lancet. HIV. - : Elsevier. - 2352-3018. ; 3:8, s. e361-e387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015.METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections.INTERPRETATION: Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.
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| 2. |
- Adiels, Emil, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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The use of virtual work for the formfinding of fabric, shell and gridshell structures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Advances in Architectural Geometry conference 2018. - 9783903015135 ; , s. 286-315
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of the virtual work theorem enables one to derive the equations of static equilibrium of fabric, shell and gridshell structures from the compatibility equations linking the rate of deformation of a surface to variations in its velocity. If the structure is treated as a continuum there is no need to consider its micro-structure provided that the grid is fine compared to the overall geometry. Thus we can include fabrics, ribbed shells, corrugated shells and gridshells with a fine grid, such as the Mannheim Multihalle. The equilibrium equations are almost identical to those obtained by assuming that a shell is thin and of uniform thickness, but are more general in their application. Our formulation introduces the concept of geodesic bending moments which are relevant to gridshell structures with continuous laths. The virtual work theorem is more general than the energy theorems, which it in- cludes as a special case. Hence it can be applied to surfaces which admit some form of potential, including minimal surfaces and hanging fabrics. We can then use the calculus of variations for the minimization of a surface integral to define the form of a structure. Many existing formfinding techniques can be rewritten in this way, but we concen- trate on surfaces which minimize the surface integral of the mean curvature subject to a constraint on the enclosed volume, producing a surface of constant Gaussian curvature. This naturally leads to the more general study of conjugate stress and curvature directions, and hence to quadrilateral mesh gridshells with flat cladding panels and no bending moments in the structural members under own weight.
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| 3. |
- Ander, Mats, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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A building of unlimited height
- 2019
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Ingår i: IASS Symposium 2019 - 60th Anniversary Symposium of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures; Structural Membranes 2019 - 9th International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, FORM and FORCE. - 9788412110104 ; , s. 1465-1472
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider the overall buckling under own weight of a thin-walled column of circular cross-section and a radius that is a hyperbolic sine function of distance from the top of the column. The maximum stress is limited to a given value, but there is no limit to the height of the column. The wall thickness is determined by consideration of local buckling. It can be made to represent a building by adjusting the own weight of the column to include the weight of the floors, finishes, cladding and imposed load.
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| 4. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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ASPECTS ON BLEACHING AND TEMPO-MEDIATED OXIDATION OF WHEAT STRAW PULP FRACTIONS
- 2012
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Ingår i: Bioresources. - 1930-2126. ; 7, s. 3051-3063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study outlines research concerning wheat straw fines, including their impact on pulp bleachability, their modification by chemical means, and their use as a dry strength enhancer in a paper application. Results show that primary fines constituting about 23% of the whole wheat straw pulp had a large negative impact on pulp bleachability. The differences in response to bleaching were due to the different properties of the fines, i.e. higher kappa number, higher metal ion content, lower brightness, and lower viscosity compared to that of fibers. It was also shown that the fines fraction is more difficult to oxidize and does not reach as high fiber charge levels as that of the other fractions. However, at a dosage of >= 3 mmol hypochlorite/g it was possible to prepare nanofibers from wheat straw fines that showed a good strength-enhancing effect in a paper product. The fact that removal of fines from wheat straw pulps by fractionation improves bleachability and also drainage properties at the same time, while simultaneously the fines can be modified and used as a strength enhancer, is very interesting when evaluating the potential of this type of annual plant as a source for production of different paper products.
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| 5. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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CRUW Mechanical Pulping sub-project 1: Effect of different refining pressures and energy using spruce TMP pulps from Braviken
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The mechanical pulping industry faces continued rising energy costs and increasing competition for raw material. In order to produce improved products based on mechanical pulp at lower energy consumption it is necessary to have a better understanding of the development of fundamental fibre properties during the processes. In particular, changes in fibre collapsibility, fibre fibrillation and fibre and surface development are of great interest. The overall goal of the CRUW Mechanical Pulping project is “Support development of more energy efficient mechanical pulping processes by increasing the knowledge on ultrastructural phenomena in mechanical pulping”. This project is working closely together with the Industrial Research College for Mechanical Pulping Technology bringing in the ultrastructural competence to more clearly understand and explain phenomena observed in these projects thus making it easier to develop new and improved processes to reduce energy consumption. This report presents results from CRUW Mechanical Pulping sub-project 1: ”Effect of different refining pressures and energy using spruce TMP pulps from Braviken”. The influence of temperature on the softening of lignin and hence improved (easier) fibre separation and treatment was noted earlier (Becker et al. 1977; Salmén 1984). Based on this knowledge, different process alternatives have been suggested to reduce energy demand for the refining process. One of the earliest publications on a technical system utilizing higher temperature and pressure was by Höglund et al. 1997 (Thermopulp). These results have been reproduced in many studies and are today considered general knowledge. There are however many practical problems with such a system. For example, the resulting very small refining gaps are difficult to control and it has therefore taken time to establish this technology in the industry. In the new TMP line at Braviken, the refiners are equipped to run at higher temperature/pressure than normal and it has therefore been interesting to study these pulps in order to explain the effects on pulp/fibres at an ultrastructural level. It should be noted that in a fibre-water-steam system, temperature and pressure are not independent variables and higher pressure means higher temperature and vice versa
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| 6. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Differences between Scots pine and Norway spruce TMP pulps as revealed bt the HCL method
- 2009
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Ingår i: SPCI meddelande / The Swedish Association of Pulp and Paper Engineers. - 0280-6800. ; , s. 322-324
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The HCl method was used to compare pine and spruce TMP pulps. Delignification gave much stronger fibre cleavage by HCl (3.5-5x for Stage 3) indicating that lignin and hemicelluloses protect the fibres from acid attack. Cleavage per fibre for TMP was similar as kraft pulps, while spruce TMP was more sensitive to HCl than pine TMP. A more robust secondary wall and a lower number of dislocations and weak points may be related to the higher refining energy needed for pine TMP pulps
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ander, Paul
(författare)
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Standard pulp and paper tests
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fine Structure of Papermaking Fibres : The Final Report of COST Action E54. - 9789157690074 ; , s. 211-232
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Sub-project 10: CRUW Mechanical Pulping Enzyme treatment of chips for energy reduction in TMP
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to evaluate the possibilities of using enzymes for pre-treating softwood chips as a means of lowering the energy demand in mechanical pulping, impregnation and refining trials were performed using a set of different enzymes. The enzymes tested pectinase, xylanase and mannanase gave increased sugar release in the impregnation trials indicating that most of the sugar released occurred in the first 60 minutes and that activities thereafter seemed to level off. Refining trials using a small Wing refiner showed that for chips treated for 60 minutes with pectinase, xylanase and mannanase no energy savings to a given freeness level was observed. The property development was similar to that of reference pulps in the case of pectinase and xylanase while for chips treated with mannanase a less favourable development of the tensile index was noted. For chips treated for two hours, using xylanase or pectinase, energy savings could be observed for pectinase treated chips down to a freeness level of 200 CSF. However when refined further, the properties approached those of the reference pulp. Considering the much higher enzymatic activity reached when the initial fibre material was further disintegrated it is assumed that the possibilities for enzymes to attack desired structures of the intact fibre wall may have been too few even in the case of Impressafiner treated material.
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