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- Anderson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Internalization of nanoparticles into spiral ganglion cells
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of nanoneuroscience. - : American Scientific Publishers. - 1939-0637 .- 1939-0653. ; 1:1, s. 75-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The delivery of drugs or genes to the inner ear in a controlled and biocompatible manner could lead to new treatments for conditions such as Ménière's disease, tinnitus, schwannomas of the ear, and for improving hearing. The concept of multifunctional nanoparticles, which are targetable, biodegradable, and traceable, has led to new approaches to controlled drug release and localized delivery to specific cell populations. Tissue-specific delivery can be achieved by functionally "addressed" nanostructures loaded with a therapeutic molecule. In the present study, we investigated the incorporation, distribution, and toxicology of amphiphilic block copolymer nanoparticles (NPs) in spiral ganglion (SG) cell cultures. Adult human and guinea pig SG neurons and glia/Schwann dissociated cell cultures were expanded, grown for several weeks, and then studied live using time-lapse video microscopy and high-resolution light microscopy. The cells were further characterized using immunocytochemistry for the neural marker TuJ1 and the glia cell markers S-100 and GFAP, and their morphology was studied in more detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These cell cultures were exposed to fluorescently (Dil)-loaded NPs for different time periods and at different concentrations, and the uptake was studied using fluorescence microscopy. The study demonstrates that Dil-loaded NPs can be internalized into guinea pig SG neurons as well as into human and guinea pig SG glia/Schwann cells without indication of toxicity or reduced viability. After 4 hours, almost 100% of both the neurons and the glia cells had incorporated the NPs into the cytoplasm. No uptake could be detected in the nucleus and no evidence of internalization could be seen in axons or in the growth cone area of the neuron. Especially in the glia cells, the NPs were detected in small vesicles surrounding the nucleus and occasionally in the periphery of the cytoplasm. This information could lead to the development of more specialized NPs, targeting only SG neurons or Schwann cells.
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| 2. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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