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- Andersson, David E., PhD, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Mass Migration, Cheap Labor, and Innovation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic History. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0022-0507 .- 1471-6372. ; 78:2, s. 623-623
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Migration is often depicted as a major problem for struggling developing countries,as they may lose valuable workers and human capital. Yet, its effects on sendingregions are ambiguous and depend crucially on local market responses and migrantselection. This paper studies the effects of migration on technological innovation insending communities during one of the largest migration episodes in human history:the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913). Using novel historical data on Sweden, whereabout a quarter of its population migrated, we find that migration caused an increasein technological patents in sending municipalities. To establish causality, we use aninstrumental variable design that exploits severe local growing season frost shocks to-gether with within-country travel costs to reach an emigration port. Exploring possiblemechanisms, we suggest that increased labor costs, due to low-skilled emigration, in-duced technological innovation.
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- Andersson, David, PhD, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic networks : patent agents and the business of technology intermediation in Sweden and Finland, 1860–1910
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Routledge. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 68:1, s. 45-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article analyses Swedish and Finnish patent agents and their businesses at the turn of the twentieth century. Due to legal requirements, all foreign patent applications had to pass through the hands of patent agents. Despite the central role, this transnational business of technology intermediation has received only limited attention in the scholarship. The article studies the business relationships between the patent agents and their clients, and employs new datasets, which include information about all foreign patentees using a patent agent in 1860–1910. The main findings are that the transnational business relationships affected the specialisation of national patent agents, especially in Finland, where patent agents with a legal background contributed to the inflow of inventions managed by Swedish patent agents. Patent agent services also represented significant indirect costs of the patent systems for their foreign clients.
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- Andersson, David, PhD, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The market for patents in Sweden : Past and present
- 2018
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Ingår i: Stockholm Intellectual Property Law Review. ; 1:2, s. 6-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The worldwide revenues from the sale and licensing of patents have soared into the hundreds of billions of dollars in recent years. Consequently, the market for patents has become an important strategic option for firms to stay competitive, both by allowing them to leverage their own intellectual property rights (IPR), but also as a way of accessing important external technology.This article analyzes markets for patents in Sweden past and present by presenting and examining data on the market for patents in the 19th century as well more recently available data. We show that the origins of technology trade can be traced back to the 18th century and that an active national market for patents emerged by the end of the 19th century where intermediaries such as patent agencies and specialized marketplaces helped to broker deals between buyers and sellers of inventions.By contrast, today the domestic Swedish markets for patents is relatively insignificant, but Swedish firms instead act on international markets for patents. More firms are active on the demand side than on the supply side of the market, which indicates that the impact of a few large firms on the aggregate number is potentially large.
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- Granberg, Mark, 1986-
(författare)
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Discrimination in hiring : Some experiments, perspectives, and implications
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hiring discrimination is illegal, morally distasteful, and seen as incommensurate with modern societal ideals. From an economic perspective, if employers hire based on anything other than an applicant’s expected productivity they are behaving inefficiently. If group markers are imperfect signals of productivity, discrimination is also inefficient. Measuring discrimination is a substantial practical challenge but indispensable to policy development and theory evaluation. This thesis focuses on correspondence testing, experiments where researchers create fictitious applicants who apply for real jobs, and then analyze differences in responses between groups to arrive at credible estimates of discrimination. In chapter I, "Do ethnicity and sex of employers affect applicants' job interest? An experimental exploration," co-authored with Ali Ahmed and Niklas Ottosson and published 2020 in Journal for Labour Market Research, we present the findings of a survey experiment. We tested the novel hypothesis that job seekers may discriminate against employers based on ethnicity or gender when they are choosing jobs to apply to. Ultimately, we concluded that the survey experiment provided no evidence of such discrimination. In chapter II, "Hiring discrimination against transgender people: Evidence from a field experiment," co-authored with Per A. Andersson and Ali Ahmed and published 2020 in Labour Economics, we present the findings of a correspondence experiment that tested for hiring discrimination against transgender applicants. We found that transgender applicants were indeed discriminated against in hiring, but that there were some important nuances. For example, transgender men seemed to be discriminated against in male-dominated occupations because they were transgender and in female-dominated occupations because they were men. In chapter III, "Gender discrimination in hiring: An experimental reexamination of the Swedish case," co-authored with Ali Ahmed and Shantanu Khanna published 2021 in Plos One, we present the findings of a study that combined data from three previously published correspondence experiments. Although these experiments were originally designed to test other hypotheses, we used the data to test for gender discrimination in hiring. We found discrimination against males, largely driven by female-dominated occupations. In chapter IV, "An assessment of the correspondence testing methodology," I describe and analyze the methodology and ethics of correspondence tests. I do this by reviewing the 199 correspondence studies published between 2005 and 2020, focusing on methodological choices and the ethical implications of those choices.
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