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| 2. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Energinyckeltal och växthusgasutsläpp baserade på industrins energianvändande processer
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Svensk industri bör strategiskt arbeta mot ökad energi- och resurseffektivitet på en global marknad med knappare resurser. I detta sammanhang spelar beslutsunderlag och nyckeltal en central roll för att nå ökad effektivitet. Även för tillsynsmyndigheter är rättvisande nyckeltal avseende slutenergianvändning av mycket stor vikt för att kunna bedriva ett rättvist förebyggande och proaktivt arbete med svenska företag. De nyckeltal som finns på internationell och nationell nivå är baserade på tillförd energi och ofta relaterade till en ekonomisk output, till exempel förädlingsvärde. Det saknas emellertid nyckeltal kring slutenergianvändningen inom svensk industri fördelat på energibärare såsom el och olja och fördelat på slutenergiprocesser såsom ugnar, tryckluftskompressorer, etc. De siffror som ibland anges är baserade på grova uppskattningar. Projektets mål har därför varit att generera ett processträd avseende flera av de största, till slutenergianvändning räknat, svenska industribranscherna avseende hur slutenergianvändningen är fördelad på processnivå och olika energibärare, samt att allokera växthusgasutsläpp på dessa olika processer. Resultaten indikerar att nyckeltal baserade på energianvändning och indirekta växthusgasutsläpp på processnivå kan bidra till bättre kunskap om i vilka industriella energianvändande processer den största potentialen för energieffektivisering och minskning av växthusgasutsläpp finns. För att upprätthålla kunskap om var den största potentialen för förbättring finns krävs att energidata regelbundet samlas in efter en standardiserad kategorisering av energianvändande processer. Även om projektet har avgränsats till svensk industri kan resultatet vara till nytta också för andra medlemsstater inom EU liksom globalt.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Elias, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Decarbonization of industry : Implementation of energy performance indicators for successful energy management practices in kraft pulp mills
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy Reports. - : Elsevier. - 2352-4847. ; 7, s. 1808-1817
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy management is the most prominent means of improving energy efficiency, and improved energy efficiency constitutes the cornerstone in decarbonization. For successful industrial energy management, defining accurate energy performance indicators (EnPIs) is essential. Energy-intensive industries have previously been found to have an improvement potential regarding the current monitoring of EnPIs, especially at process level. While general models for developing and implementing EnPIs exist, manufacturing industries are diverse in terms of their production processes, which is why industry-tailored models for EnPI development are needed. One major outcome of this paper is a unique model specifically tailored for kraft pulp mills. The model derives from a practice-based approach for EnPI development, building on real-life experiences from a Swedish group of companies. This paper’s developed model, and the validation of the EnPIs, further increase the understanding of the kraft pulp industry’s processes and how to apply descriptive and explanatory indicators. The developed model can potentially be generalized to other sectors.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Elias, 1989-
(författare)
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Enabling industrial energy benchmarking : Process-level energy end-use, key performance indicators, and efficiency potential
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the greatest challenges of our time is global climate change. A key strategy for mitigating the emission of greenhouse gases is the improvement of energy efficiency. Manufacturing industry stands for a large share of global energy end-use but has yet to achieve its full energy efficiency potential. A barrier to untapping this potential is the lack of detailed data on industrial energy end-use at the process level, preventing the development of sound, bottom-up energy key performance indicators (KPIs). This hampers the ability to create a profound strategy for improving industrial energy efficiency because it is not known in which end-use processes the largest energy efficiency potential is to be found. Increasing knowledge about energy end-use at the process level also increases the possibility for energy comparisons, i.e. benchmarking, at the process level.This thesis aimed to investigate how to further enable industrial energy benchmarking at the process level, primarily for the pulp and paper and wood industries. Relevant benchmarking requires that data on energy end-use is collected using a common, harmonized categorization of processes and that joint energy KPIs are applied. Therefore, suggestions for standardized categorizations of end-use processes were investigated for the studied industries.Based on the calculations, and under the assumptions made in this thesis for estimating the energy efficiency potential of end-use processes, diversity was found between industries around which type of processes have the largest efficiency potential. It also emerged that, due to the lack of detailed data about energy end-use and lack of information about energy efficiency measures, processes accounting for a significant share of the energy efficiency potential in the wood industry risk being overlooked. It is not certain that current energy policies are sufficient to reach the full potential identified. The lack of information about energy end-use and energy efficiency measures implies that neither industrial actors nor policy-makers are able to develop thorough energy strategies or roadmaps for improved energy efficiency.While the outcomes of this thesis show that a large share of Swedish pulp and paper mills carry out energy benchmarking to some degree, energy managers emphasized that benchmarking in this particular industry is difficult because it requires a deep understanding of the industry’s heterogenous and integrated processes. This thesis proposes a widened perspective on energy benchmarking and its role in industrial energy management; namely, also considering the process of how energy KPIs are implemented within in-house energy management. A process that enhances energy management includes the continuous monitoring, visualization, and revision of KPIs. In this thesis, a method is developed that encourages the bottom-up implementation of energy KPIs in the pulp and paper industry, which further enables industrial energy benchmarking.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Elias, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy end-use and efficiency potentials among Swedish industrial small and medium-sized enterprises - A dataset analysis from the national energy audit program
- 2018
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 93, s. 165-177
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving energy efficiency in industry is recognized as one of the most vital activities for the mitigation of climate change. Consequently, policy initiatives from governments addressing both energy-intensive and small and medium-sized industry have been enacted. In this paper, the energy end-use and the energy efficiency potential among industrial small and medium-sized companies participating in the Swedish Energy Audit Program are reviewed. The three manufacturing industries of wood and cork, food products and metal products (excluding machinery and equipment) are studied. A unique categorization of their production processes energy end-use is presented, the results of which show that the amount of energy used in various categories of production processes differ between these industries. This applies to support processes as well, highlighting the problem of generalizing results without available bottom-up energy end-use data. In addition, a calculation of conservation supply curves for measures related to production processes is presented, showing that there still remains energy saving potential among companies participating in the Swedish Energy Audit Program. However, relevant data in the database used from the Swedish Energy Audit Program is lacking which limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the conservation supply curves. This study highlights the need to develop energy policy programs delivering high-quality data. This paper contributes to a further understanding of the intricate matters of industrial energy end-use and energy efficiency measures.
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| 6. |
- Johnsson, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Energy savings and greenhouse gas mitigation potential in the Swedish wood industry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving energy efficiency in industry is recognized as one of the most crucial actions for mitigating climate change. The lack of knowledge regarding energy end-use makes it difficult for companies to know in which processes the highest energy efficiency potential is located. Using a case study design, the paper provides a taxonomy for energy end-use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a process and energy carrier level. It can be seen that drying of wood is the largest energy using and GHG emitting process in the studied companies. The paper also investigates applied and potentially viable energy key performance indicators (KPIs). Suggestions for improving energy KPIs within the wood industry include separating figures for different wood varieties and different end-products and distinguishing between different drying kiln technologies. Finally, the paper presents the major energy saving and carbon mitigating measures by constructing conservation supply curves and marginal abatement cost curves. The energy saving potential found in the studied companies indicates that significant improvements might be achieved throughout the Swedish wood industry. Even though the scope of this paper is the Swedish wood industry, several of the findings are likely to be relevant in other countries with a prominent wood industry.
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| 7. |
- Lawrence, Akvile, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers, barriers and success factors for energy management in the Swedish pulp and paper industry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 223, s. 67-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has revealed the existence of an energy-efficiency gap – the difference between optimal and actual energy end-use, suggesting that energy efficiency can be improved. Energy management (EnM) is a means for improving industrial energy efficiency. However, due to various barriers, the full potential of EnM is not realised. Several studies have addressed drivers and barriers to energy efficiency but few to EnM. This study aims to identify EnM practices, the most important perceived drivers and barriers for EnM, and relations among them in the energy-intensive Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI), which has the longest experience internationally of practising EnM systems, and has worked according to the standards since 2004. Our results show that, altogether, the PPI works regularly and continuously with EnM, with a clear division of responsibilities. The highest maturity for EnM practices was for energy policy, followed by organization, investments, and performance measurement. The study also shows that communication between middle management and operations personnel has potential for improvement. The most important categories of drivers were economic, whereas for barriers they were organizational. Nevertheless, knowledge-related barriers and drivers were amongst the most important, suggesting that the absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved.
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| 8. |
- Nehler, Therese, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy management in Swedish pulp and paper industry : benchmarking and non-energy benefits
- 2018
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Ingår i: eceee 2018 Industrial Summer Study proceedings. - : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE). - 9789198387834 - 9789198387827 ; , s. 313-322
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manufacturing industry has a large energy efficiency potential, yet to be utilized, known as the energy efficiency gap. This gap exists due to barriers that hinder industrial companies from making energy efficiency investments. Research also shows that the gap is even larger if energy management practices are included as well. One type of energy management practice for industrial companies is energy performance benchmarking, which deals with several organisational applications. For example, energy performance benchmarking can be used to compare a company’s degree of energy efficiency to its peers. A benchmarking approach can also be adopted on different levels of aggregation, including sector, site, and process level. Furthermore, continuous work with energy management also entails additional benefits beyond the energy effects, known as non-energy benefits. In an energy management context, these benefits might for instance be organisational or informational in nature. The aim of this paper is to study these aspects of energy management – benchmarking and non-energy benefits – within the Swedish pulp and paper industry.These aspects of energy management have not, to the authors’ knowledge, been extensively investigated. The adopted method for data collection is a mixed method approach, where a questionnaire was sent to all operating pulp and paper mills in Sweden, and semi-structured interviews were carried out at six mills. The findings in this study show that the most common benchmarking method in the Swedish pulp and paper mills is external benchmarking within a company group. The benchmarking method with the highest perceived value for a mill’s energy management, however, is historical benchmarking of energy use. Furthermore, the pulp and paper mills have perceived a number of non-energy benefits from energy management practices, where top management’s interest in energy efficiency issues increasing more than expected was perceived as the most substantial.
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| 9. |
- Siggeirsson, Elias, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated Compressor Duct with Bleed: Experimental Validation of a Hybrid RANS/LES Approach
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, a comparison is performed between measurements done in an in-house experimental test rig at GKN Aerospace Engine Systems and simulations done using the commercial CFD solver ANSYS CFX. The aim is to compare a hybrid RANS/LES model to a more industrially applied RANS model in terms of capabilities of predicting the measurements. The geometry represents an intermediate compressor duct from an aircraft engine, with an integrated bleed-pipe upstream of the duct. The bleed-pipe gives a better engine control when run at part speed by uncoupling the mass-flow through the upstream and downstream components. Previous studies indicated no major separations in the intermediate compressor duct and therefore, to save computational resources, wall-functions were employed for the hybrid simulations. Overall, the CFD simulations compare well with measured data in terms of wall-pressure coefficient in the intermediate compressor duct as well as at upstream and downstream locations. In terms of normalized total pressure profiles, the CFD and the experiments agree upstream of the test section. However, at an evaluation surface downstream of the duct, only the hybrid model simulations are capable of predicting the measured total pressure. Furthermore, it has to be kept in mind that even though the SBES simulations where significantly more expensive compared to the RANS simulations, the RANS results only represent the averaged flow field, with minimum information about transient behaviour. On the contrary, the SBES simulations represent the transient flow field, where the results have to be time-averaged.
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| 10. |
- Siggeirsson, Elias, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical and experimental aerodynamic investigation of an s-shaped intermediate compressor duct with bleed
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo. ; 2D-2020
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of CFD simulations are performed to analyse the effects a rotor off-take bleed has on the performance of an Intermediate Compressor Duct (ICD). To validate the CFD results, a comparison is made to measurements obtained from an experimental facility located at GKN Aerospace Engine Systems in Sweden. To achieve a deeper understanding of the flow physics, hybrid RANS/LES simulations are performed for a single operating condition. The CFD simulations are capable of predicting the behavior when extracting large amount of air through the bleed pipe, where an improved prediction is obtained with the hybrid simulation. The performance of the ICD is severely compromised with increased amount of bleed as the flow delivered to the downstream component is highly disturbed. The disturbed flow is caused by the extraction of axial flow through the bleed pipe, increasing the incidence into the low-pressure compressor’s outlet guide vanes resulting in unfavorable velocity profiles into the ICD. This behavior causes the flow to separate at the OGV blades, where the separation increases with increase bleed. Furthermore, when including the full bleed system, significant circumferential distortions are observed, showing the necessity of the integrated design.
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