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| 2. |
- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Assets, Gender and Rural Livelihoods
- 2018
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa : Longitudinal perspectives from six countries - Longitudinal perspectives from six countries. - : Oxford University Press. ; , s. 54-54
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter, cross-sectional data are used to assess changes in key assets and how this varies by sex of head of household using a regional perspective. Gender-based asset gaps vary regionally and also shift over time. Agricultural assets were generally biased against female farm managers. Changes in land size had a negative effect on female-managed farms (FMFs) when compared with male-managed farms. Gender biases with respect to land lie primarily in the size of cultivated areas, which is related to labour. The share of male labour is lower on FMFs. This is connected to smaller land sizes and lower use of particular irrigation techniques. Housing standard, consumer durables, and savings are less gender biased. Female farm managers in general command less male labour, and the land that they cultivate appears to be adjusted to their labour resources. Incomes generated by these households are invested in housing, consumer durables, and savings.
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| 3. |
- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and Rural Livelihoods: Agricultural Commercialization and Farm/Non-Farm Diversification
- 2018
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780198799290
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines possible discrimination against female farm managers with respect to prices or market segmentation. Patterns of commercialization are fluid. Particular countries stand out with respect to certain crops, however: for maize, a growing bias against female farm managers can be noted in Zambia. Mozambique, Malawi, and to a lesser extent Tanzania stand out in terms of non-grain food crops, where market participation by male farm managers had increased relative to female-headed households. Poorer commercial possibilities are tied strongly to production factors, where lack of labour and land prevent the generation of a marketable surplus. An important distinction is that between women who manage their own farms and women who live in households headed by men: for the former the lack of access to agrarian resources prevents generation of a marketable surplus for the latter the outcomes from sales are controlled by their husbands.
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| 4. |
- Di Saverio, Salomone, et al.
(författare)
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WSES Jerusalem guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis
- 2016
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Ingår i: World Journal of Emergency Surgery. - : BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. - 1749-7922. ; 11:34
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acute appendicitis (AA) is among the most common cause of acute abdominal pain. Diagnosis of AA is challenging; a variable combination of clinical signs and symptoms has been used together with laboratory findings in several scoring systems proposed for suggesting the probability of AA and the possible subsequent management pathway. The role of imaging in the diagnosis of AA is still debated, with variable use of US, CT and MRI in different settings worldwide. Up to date, comprehensive clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management of AA have never been issued. In July 2015, during the 3rd World Congress of the WSES, held in Jerusalem (Israel), a panel of experts including an Organizational Committee and Scientific Committee and Scientific Secretariat, participated to a Consensus Conference where eight panelists presented a number of statements developed for each of the eight main questions about diagnosis and management of AA. The statements were then voted, eventually modified and finally approved by the participants to The Consensus Conference and lately by the board of co-authors. The current paper is reporting the definitive Guidelines Statements on each of the following topics: 1) Diagnostic efficiency of clinical scoring systems, 2) Role of Imaging, 3) Non-operative treatment for uncomplicated appendicitis, 4) Timing of appendectomy and in-hospital delay, 5) Surgical treatment 6) Scoring systems for intra-operative grading of appendicitis and their clinical usefulness 7) Non-surgical treatment for complicated appendicitis: abscess or phlegmon 8) Pre-operative and post-operative antibiotics.
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| 5. |
- Fred, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Hur möjliggör helklassdiskussioner urskiljandet av algebraiska komponenters funktion?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Book of abstracts. ; , s. 43-44
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Presentationen syftar till att diskutera hur undervisning kan skapa förutsättningar för att elever engageras i kreativa och reflektiva resonemang om olika komponenters funktion och relation i algebraiska uttryck. Under senare år har intresset för klassrumskommunikationen ökat och därmed även intresset att studera utvecklingen av elevers förmåga att argumentera och delta i matematiska diskussioner i klassrummet (Larsson, 2015; Lithner, 2008). Mot bakgrund av detta uppstår frågor som (1) vilka redskap kan användas i klassrumskommunikationen för att främja innehållsrika, kreativa och reflektiva klassrumsdiskussioner samt (2) hur kan redskapen användas för att främja detta. Lärandeverksamhetsteori (Davydov, 2008) tillhandahåller fyra principer om hur undervisning,uppgifter och klassrumskommunikation kan utformas för att skapa förutsättningar för elever att engageras i ett teoretiskt arbete: problemsituationer, lärandemodeller, motsättningar och kollektiva reflektioner. Idén med en problemsituation är att den ska få eleverna att engageras i ett teoretiskt arbete gällande det avsedda kunskapsinnehållet. Lärandemodeller fungerar i det arbetet som ett nödvändigt visualiserande redskap för eleverna, såväl i utforskandet av innehållsliga aspekter som i de kollektiva reflektiva diskussionerna (Gorbov & Chudinova, 2000). Motsättningar fungerar som en drivkraft som upprätthåller det teoretiska arbetet (Davydov, 2008). Ide kollektiva reflektionerna uppmanas – och utmanas – eleverna till att försöka förklara andras i ljuset av sina egna förklaringar. De utmanas därmed i sitt teoretiska tänkande (Zuckerman, 2004).Presentationen grundar sig i en del av ett mer omfattande forskningsprojekt med det övergripande syftet att utforska hur undervisningen, i termer av uppgifter och arbetssätt, kan utformas och utvecklas för att bidra till att eleverna utvecklar en algebraisk resonemangsförmåga. I presentationen kommer följande fråga att fokuseras: Hur kan principerna för lärandeverksamhet fungera somredskap för att möjliggöra för att elever engageras i kreativa och reflektiva resonemang om komponenternas funktion och relation i algebraiska uttryck?I forskningsprojektet har learning study (Marton, 2015) använts som ansats för dataproduktion. Data som ligger till grund för presentationen består av fyra transkriberade videoinspelade forskningslektioner genomförda i årskurs 7. Tentativa resultat indikerar att en problemsituation kan iscensättas med hjälp av noggrant utvalda kombinationer av en välkänd figur, såsom en rektangel, kopplad till ett algebraiskt uttryck. Därigenom skapas en komplex problemsituation som bjuder in eleverna till ett teoretiskt arbete. Familjariteten med de ingående delarna i problemsituationen skapar en avspänd öppenhet som i kombination med väl avvägda "provokationer" från läraren, möjliggör för eleverna att ifrågasätta triviala förståelser för algebraiska begrepp och därmed kvalificera diskussionen och nå en djupare förståelse.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, K. -F, et al.
(författare)
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A probabilistic methodology to determine failure probabilities and acceptance criteria for the KBS-3 inserts under ice-age load conditions
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proc. 11th Int. High Lvl, Radioactive Waste Managem. Conf. IHLRWM. - 0894486918 - 9780894486913 ; , s. 207-214
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish KBS-3 copper-cast iron canister for geological disposal is in an advanced stage. This reports deals with the cast iron insert that provides the mechanical strength of the canister and outlines an approach to assess the failure probabilities at large isostatic pressure (44 MPa) for manufactured canisters and how to derive acceptance criteria. The work includes a statistical test programme using three inserts for the tensile, compression and fracture properties. Specimens used for material characterization were also investigated by micro-structural analysis to determine the microstructure and to classify and size defects. It was found that the material scatter and low ductility was caused by many defect types, but with slag defects in the form of oxidation films as the most important one. These data were then used to compute defect distributions and as direct input to FE-calculations of KBS-3 canisters. A large number of FE-analyses were performed at the maximum design load (44 MPa) covering distributions of material parameters and geometrical features of the canisters. The computed probabilities for fracture and plastic collapse were very low even for material data with poor ductility. Two large scale isostatic compression tests of KBS-3 mock-ups to assess safety margins are also described. The failure occurred at loads above 130 MPa in both cases, indicating a safety margin of at least a factor three against the maximum design load.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Karl-Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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A probabilistic methodology to determine failure probabilities and acceptance criteria for the KBS-3 inserts under ice-age load conditions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nuclear Technology. - 0029-5450 .- 1943-7471. ; 163:1, s. 3-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish KBS-3 copper-cast iron canister for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel is in an advanced stage. This paper deals with the cast iron insert that provides the mechanical strength of the canister and outlines an approach to assess the failure probabilities for manufactured canisters at large isostatic pressure (44 MPa) that could occur during future glaciations and first steps to derive acceptance criteria to ensure that failure probabilities are extremely small. The work includes a statistical test program using three inserts to determine the tensile, compression, and fracture properties. Specimens used for material characterization were also investigated by microstructural analysis to determine the microstructure and to classify and size defects. It was found that the material scatter and low ductility were caused by many defect types, but slag defects in the form of oxidation films were the most important ones. These data were then used to compute defect distributions for the probabilistic failure analysis of the KBS-3 canisters. A large number of finite element-analyses of canisters were performed at the maximum design load (44 MPa) covering distributions of material parameters and geometrical features of the canisters. The computed probabilities for fracture and plastic collapse were very low even for material data with low ductility. Two large-scale isostatic compression tests of KBS-3 mock-ups to verify safety margins are also described. The failure occurred at loads above 130 MPa in both cases, indicating a safety margin of at least a factor 3 against the maximum design load. As a result of the project, new acceptance criteria are being proposed for insert geometry and material properties, and the manufacturing process for inserts has been modified to ensure that these criteria are always fulfilled.
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| 8. |
- Nyman, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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”Nä, jag tänkte nog fel ...” - Elevers agens vid algebraiska resonemang i helklass
- 2020
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad krävs för att undervisningen ska skapa förutsättningar för elever att engageras i kreativa och reflektiva resonemang om algebraiska uttryck? Davydovs lärandeverksamhetsteori tillhandahåller principer som kan användas av lärare för att designa en undervisning som möjliggör för elever att delta i ett teoretiskt och kvalificerande arbete. Presentationen kommer att diskutera dessa faktorer samt ge exempel på hur uppgifter kan utformas och iscensättas för att möjliggöra detta.
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| 9. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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