| 1. |
- Andersson Hultgren, Jonas, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of motion parallax in driving simulators
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Driving Simulation Conference Europe 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motion parallax due to the driver’s head movement have been implemented and tested in VTI Driving Simulator III. An advanced camera-based system was used to track the head movements of the driver. The output from the tracking system was fed to the simulation software, which used low-pass filtering and a forward prediction algorithm to calculate an offset. The offset was then used by the graphics software to display the correct image to the driver.The effects of driving with motion parallax in the simulator were also observed by an initial study. During the experiment, the subjects caught up with several slower vehicles which forced the driver to make an overtaking maneuver. Oncoming traffic forced the subject to search for a suitable gap for overtaking. The study also included a speed perception test. The results from the study showed no difference in lateral positioning when running behind a slower vehicle nor in speed perception with and without motion parallax.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Trafiksäkerhetspåverkan vid omkörning av 30-metersfordon
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trafikverket överväger att tillåta längre och tyngre fordon på vägarna förutsatt att de inte påverkar trafiksäkerheten negativt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka säkerhetseffekten av fordonslängd, speciellt med avseende på olycksrisken vid omkörningar. Intervjuade förare av en 30-meters timmerbil hade inte upplevt de farhågor som förare av normallånga lastbilar uttryckt i samband med trånga rondeller och korsningar, men de nämner betydelsen av stödjande åkeri, arbetsmiljö och fordonsutrustning. En simulatorstudie studerade bilförares omkörningar av ett 30- och ett 18,75-metersfordon på en 2+1-väg i situationen då två körfält går ihop till ett. Tidluckan till ett återstående körfält var i genomsnitt 0,2 s (sign.) kortare efter omkörningar av 30-metersfordonet i situationer då bakänden var i samma relativa position som för 18,75-metersfordonet vid början av omkörningen. En fältstudie analyserade videoinspelade omkörningar av en 30- och en 24-meters timmerbil på en 2+1-väg och en tvåfältig väg. Ingen signifikant skillnad i tidluckor kunde påvisas mellan omkörningar av de två fordonen för någon av vägtyperna. Det senare resultatet ska dock tolkas med försiktighet på grund av ojämnt distribuerad data som insamlats under specifika förhållanden. Slutsatserna är att det finns en liten tendens till negativ säkerhetseffekt vid omkörningar av längre fordon, och att fler fältstudier är nödvändiga.
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| 3. |
- Thorslund, Birgitta, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Principle Other Vehicle Warning
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The only possibility for a driver to avoid a collision may sometimes be to issue a warning to another driver. Connecting the horn and the headlight to an already existing sensor system could be a cost effective solution. This report covers the implementation and evaluation of such an automated warning system in a driving simulator at VTI. In this test 24 drivers with normal hearing and 24 with moderate hearing loss experienced five critical events in which four different warning signals were evaluated; sound, light, and a combination of sound and light, and no warning (as reference). A visual distraction task was used to distract the drivers and create critical situations. The results were consistent. A combined sound and light warning significantly increased cautious driving behaviour and also lead to the highest perceived criticality of the situations. With the combined warning the driver’s attention was effectively drawn from the visual distraction task. Drivers were generally positive towards the warning system, and most positive towards the combined warning presenting light and sound signals. Drivers were able to distinguish between warnings (at critical events) and greetings (at non-critical events) suggesting that the tested additional use of horn and headlight would not affect reactions to non-critical warnings or greetings. Hearing loss was associated with worse performance on the visual distraction task and less perceived realism of the driving simulator. But it was not associated with effects on any driving behaviour measures or of warning modalities. This result suggests that the evaluated system should work also for drivers with moderate hearing loss.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Performance and presence with head-movement produced motion parallax in simulated driving
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 34, s. 54-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving simulator studies can reveal relevant and valid aspects of driving behavior, but underestimation of distance and speed can negatively affect the driver's performance, such as in performance of overtaking. One possible explanation for the underestimation of distance and speed is that two-dimensional projection of the visual scene disrupts the monocular-based illusory depth because of conflicting binocular and monocular information of depth. A possible solution might involve the strengthening of the monocular information so that the binocular information becomes less potent.In the present study, we used an advanced high-fidelity driving simulator to investigate whether adding the visual depth information of motion parallax from head movement affects sense of presence, judgment of distance and speed, and performance measures coupled with overtaking. The simulations included two types of driving scenario in which one was urban and the other was rural. The main results show no effect of this head-movement produced motion parallax on sense of presence, head movement, time to collision, distance judgment, or speed judgment.However, the results show an effect on lateral positioning. When initiating the overtaking maneuver there is a lateral positioning farther away from the road center as effect of the motion parallax in both types of scenario, which can be interpreted as indicating use of naturally occurring information that change behavior at overtaking. Nevertheless, only showing tendencies of effects, absent is any clear additional impact of this motion parallax in the simulated driving.
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| 5. |
- Hjort, Mattias, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Validating on-the-limit properties of a driving simulator
- 2014
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Ingår i: New development in driving simulation design and experiments: Driving simulation conference Europe 2014 proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper describes a validation model for both subjective and objective comparison of on-the-limit properties of a driving simulator. VTI moving base driving simulator, SIM III, has been used with three different versions of VTI’s vehicle model, for validation toward field tests involving double lane change manoeuvres. Methods for handling evaluation suggested in the literature were adapted to our circumstances. The results are encouraging, although we found some limitations with respect to the objective evaluations that need to be addressed in future studies.
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| 6. |
- Peters, Björn, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of driving simulator based training for older drivers in Sweden : Deliverable 2.4.3
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Being able to assess your own performance can be vital to maintain safe mobility for older drivers. Overestimation can lead to increased risk of being involved in a crash and underestimation to unjustifiable restrictions in mobility. A pre/post intervention study was conducted with the aim to improve older drivers’ ability to assess their own driving performance. The aim was not to improve performance per se but the ability to assess, i.e. to calibrate themselves. Thus, a driving simulator program was developed and evaluated with a group of 36 older drivers. However, due to simulator sickness only 21 driver completed the study. Drivers repeatedly assessed their driving performance by answering the question “How well do you think you performed on the driving task? (1 = very bad to 5 = very well)”. As a reference of correctly assessed driving performance we used an experienced occupational therapist (specialised in driver assessment) who assessed the drive with the same scale (expert assessment).Feedback can be an effective tool for change, which we wanted to evaluate. Thus, feedback to the drivers were given as a specification of errors made (e.g. forgot to use direction indicators, driving too fast, etc.). Feedback could also include information on correct behaviour (e.g. give way to pedestrians, keeping the right speed etc.). Thus, the drivers were divided into two groups: one (n=11) who were told of their misses and one (n=10) who were also informed about their correct behaviour. Training was done at three different occasions.
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