| 1. |
- Andersson, Christian H., et al.
(författare)
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Mathematical understanding of training data and AI : a lesson plan for critical thinking and ethical perspectives
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings / Actes CIEAEM 74. - Palermo, Italy. ; , s. 681-685
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AI and machine learning are increasingly being applied to solve complex societal issues. One approach is to train algorithms on training data that describes human behavior. This is not without potential problems though. For example, historical human behavior may contain biases, and then algorithms may reproduce social injustices. This workshop contained lesson elements from a study where pre-service mathematics teachers conducted lessons to first conceptually teach how mathematical modelling based on machine learning works, and then to broaden the scope to consider critical thinking in relation to ethics and democratic values. The participants were invited to test and discuss the lesson elements.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Editor's Choice – Structured Computed Tomography Analysis can Identify the Majority of Patients at Risk of Post-Endovascular Aortic Repair Rupture
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1078-5884 .- 1532-2165. ; 64, s. 166-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The main objective was to report mechanisms and precursors for post-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) rupture. The second was to apply a structured protocol to explore whether these factors were identifiable on follow up computed tomography (CT) prior to rupture. The third objective was to study the incidence, treatment, and outcome of post-EVAR rupture. Methods: This was a multicentre, retrospective study of patients treated with standard EVAR at five Swedish hospitals from 2008 to 2018. Patients were identified from the Swedvasc registry. Medical records were reviewed up to 2020. Index EVAR and follow up data were recorded. The primary endpoint was post-EVAR rupture. CT at follow up and at post-EVAR rupture were studied, using a structured protocol, to determine rupture mechanisms and identifiable precursors. Results: In 1 805 patients treated by EVAR, 45 post-EVAR ruptures occurred in 43 patients. The cumulative incidence was 2.5% over a mean follow up of 5.2 years. The incidence rate was 4.5/1 000 person years. Median time to post-EVAR rupture was 4.1 years. A further six cases of post-EVAR rupture in five patients found outside the main cohort were included in the analysis of rupture mechanisms only. The rupture mechanism was type IA in 20 of 51 cases (39%), IB in 20 of 51 (39%) and IIIA/B in 11 of 51 (22%). One of these had type IA + IB combined. One patient had an aortoduodenal fistula without another mechanism being identified. Precursors had been noted on CT follow up prior to post-EVAR rupture in 16 of 51 (31%). Retrospectively, using the structured protocol, precursors could be identified in 43 of 51 (84%). In 17 of 27 (63%) cases missed on follow up but retrospectively identifiable, the mechanisms were type IB/III. Overall, the 30 day mortality rate after post-EVAR rupture was 47% (n = 24/51) and the post-operative mortality rate was 21% (n = 7/33). Conclusions: Most precursors of post-EVAR rupture are underdiagnosed but identifiable before rupture using a structured follow up CT protocol. Precursors of type IB and III failures caused the majority of post-EVAR ruptures.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ansari, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Safety of pancreatic resection in the elderly : a retrospective analysis of 556 patients
- 2016
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Ingår i: Annals of Gastroenterology. - : Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology. - 1108-7471 .- 1792-7463. ; 29:2, s. 5-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The safety of pancreatic resection for elderly patients is still controversial. We examined the postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients aged 75 years or more undergoing pancreatic resection.METHODS: Patients undergoing pancreatic resection were studied retrospectively and the outcomes were compared between patients aged <75 and ≥75 years.RESULTS: Of the 556 patients enrolled, 78 (14%) were ≥75 years old. Elderly patients had significantly more co-morbidities, especially cardiovascular pathology (P=0.005). Also, elderly patients had significantly lower body mass index prior to surgery (P=0.005). There were no significant differences in terms of surgical procedures and tumor types between age groups. The incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula grade A was significantly lower in the elderly group (P=0.022), but no significant differences were noted in the overall morbidity or the incidence of postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptying, bile leakage, cardiac complications, pulmonary complications or septic complications. The 30-day mortality rate was similar between groups (0.8% vs. 1.3%; P=0.532).CONCLUSION: Pancreatic resection is a safe option for selected elderly patients. Our study confirms that age alone should not preclude potentially curative surgical therapy.
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| 5. |
- Bergvall, Hillevi, et al.
(författare)
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Development of competence in cognitive behavioural therapy and the role of metacognition among clinical psychology and psychotherapy students
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. - : CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. - 1352-4658 .- 1469-1833. ; 51:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:There is a paucity of research on therapist competence development following extensive training in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). In addition, metacognitive ability (the knowledge and regulation of ones cognitive processes) has been associated with learning in various domains but its role in learning CBT is unknown. Aims:To investigate to what extent psychology and psychotherapy students acquired competence in CBT following extensive training, and the role of metacognition. Method:CBT competence and metacognitive activity were assessed in 73 psychology and psychotherapy students before and after 1.5 years of CBT training, using role-plays with a standardised patient. Results:Using linear mixed modelling, we found large improvements of CBT competence from pre- to post-assessment. At post-assessment, 72% performed above the competence threshold (36 points on the Cognitive Therapy Scale-Revised). Higher competence was correlated with lower accuracy in self-assessment, a measure of metacognitive ability. The more competent therapists tended to under-estimate their performance, while less competent therapists made more accurate self-assessments. Metacognitive activity did not predict CBT competence development. Participant characteristics (e.g. age, clinical experience) did not moderate competence development. Conclusions:Competence improved over time and most students performed over the threshold post-assessment. The more competent therapists tended to under-rate their competence. In contrast to what has been found in other learning domains, metacognitive ability was not associated with competence development in our study. Hence, metacognition and competence may be unrelated in CBT or perhaps other methods are required to measure metacognition.
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| 6. |
- Boge, Lukas, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Cubosomes for topical delivery of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3441 .- 0939-6411. ; 134, s. 60-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the use of cubosomes for topical delivery of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL-37 was investigated. Topical delivery of AMPs is of great interest for treatment of skin infections caused by bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. AMP containing cubosomes were produced by three different preparation protocols and compared: (i) pre-loading, where LL-37 was incorporated into a liquid crystalline gel, which thereafter was dispersed into nanoparticles, (ii) post-loading, where LL-37 was let to adsorb onto pre-formed cubosomes, and (iii) hydrotrope-loading, where LL-37 was incorporated during the spontaneously formed cubosomes in an ethanol/glycerol monooleate mixture. Particle size and size distribution were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), liquid crystalline structure by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and release of LL-37 by a fluorescamine assay. Proteolytic protection of LL-37 as well as bactericidal effect after enzyme exposure was investigated. The skin irritation potential of cubosomes was examined by an in vitro epidermis model. Finally, the bacterial killing property of the cubosomes was examined by an ex vivo pig skin wound infection model with Staphylococcus aureus. Data showed that a high loading of LL-37 induced formation of vesicles in case of cubosomes prepared by sonication (pre-loading). No release of LL-37 was observed from the cubosomes, indicating strong association of the peptide to the particles. Proteolysis studies showed that LL-37 was fully protected against enzymatic attacks while associated with the cubosomes, also denoting strong association of the peptide to the particles. As a consequence, bactericidal effect after enzyme exposure remained, compared to pure LL-37 which was subjected to proteolysis. No skin irritation potential of the cubosomes was found, thus enabling for topical administration. The ex vivo wound infection model showed that LL-37 in pre-loaded cubosomes killed bacteria most efficient.
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| 7. |
- Boge, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
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Cubosomes for topical delivery of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37
- 2019
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Ingår i: European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0939-6411 .- 1873-3441. ; 134, s. 60-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the use of cubosomes for topical delivery of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL-37 was investigated. Topical delivery of AMPs is of great interest for treatment of skin infections caused by bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. AMP containing cubosomes were produced by three different preparation protocols and compared: (i) pre-loading, where LL-37 was incorporated into a liquid crystalline gel, which thereafter was dispersed into nanoparticles, (ii) post-loading, where LL-37 was let to adsorb onto pre-formed cubosomes, and (iii) hydrotrope-loading, where LL-37 was incorporated during the spontaneously formed cubosomes in an ethanol/glycerol monooleate mixture. Particle size and size distribution were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), liquid crystalline structure by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and release of LL-37 by a fluorescamine assay. Proteolytic protection of LL-37 as well as bactericidal effect after enzyme exposure was investigated. The skin irritation potential of cubosomes was examined by an in vitro epidermis model. Finally, the bacterial killing property of the cubosomes was examined by an ex vivo pig skin wound infection model with Staphylococcus aureus. Data showed that a high loading of LL-37 induced formation of vesicles in case of cubosomes prepared by sonication (pre-loading). No release of LL-37 was observed from the cubosomes, indicating strong association of the peptide to the particles. Proteolysis studies showed that LL-37 was fully protected against enzymatic attacks while associated with the cubosomes, also denoting strong association of the peptide to the particles. As a consequence, bactericidal effect after enzyme exposure remained, compared to pure LL-37 which was subjected to proteolysis. No skin irritation potential of the cubosomes was found, thus enabling for topical administration. The ex vivo wound infection model showed that LL-37 in pre-loaded cubosomes killed bacteria most efficient.
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| 8. |
- Dillner, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Randomized healthservices study of human papillomavirus-based management of low-grade cytological abnormalities.
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; okt, s. 151-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-based management of women with borderline (ASCUS) or mildly abnormal (CINI) cervical cytology has been extensively studied in the research setting. We wished to assess safety and healthcare resource use of a real-life healthcare policy using HPV triaging.All 15 outpatient clinics involved in the organized population-based screening program in Stockholm, Sweden screening program were randomized to either continue with prior policy (colposcopy of all women with ASCUS/CINI) or to implement a policy with HPV triaging and colposcopy only of HPV-positive women. The trial enrolled the 3319 women that were diagnosed with ASCUS (n=1335) or CINI (n=1984) in Stockholm during 17(th) March 2003 to 16(th) January 2006. Detection of high-grade cervical lesions (CINII+) and health care cost consumption was studied by registry linkages.The proportion of histopathology-verified CINII+ was similar for the 2 policies (395/1752 women (22.5%; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 20,6-24,6%) had CINII+ diagnosed with HPV triaging policy, 318/1567 women (20.3%; 95%CI: 18,3-22,4%)) had CINII+ with colposcopy policy). 64% of women with ASCUS and 77% of women with CINI were HPV-positive. HPV-positivity was age-dependent, with 81% of women below 35 years of age and 44% of women above 45 years of age testing HPV-positive. HPV triaging was cost-effective only above 35 years of age.In conclusion, a real-life randomised healthservices study of HPV triaging of women with ASCUS/CINI demonstrated similar detection of CINII+ as colposcopy of all women.
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| 9. |
- Gråsjö, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic structure of water molecules confined in a micelle lattice
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 113:24, s. 8201-8205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxygen K absorption and emission spectra of water molecules confined in dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride micelle structures are presented. The local electronic structure of the water molecules is found to be dramatically different from the electronic structure of water molecules in the gas-phase as well as in liquid water. Hybridization with states of the ions in the surrounding ions is directly observed, and evidence for stabilization of the water molecules relative to molecules in bulk water is found.
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| 10. |
- Gråsjö, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Local Electronic Structure of Functional Groups in Glycine As Anion, Zwitterion, and Cation in Aqueous Solution
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 113:49, s. 16002-16006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen and oxygen K emission spectra of glycine in the form of anions, zwitterions, and cations in aqueous solution are presented. It is shown that protonation has a dramatic influence on the local electronic structure and that the functional groups give a distinct spectral fingerprint.
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