| 1. |
- Joffrin, E., et al.
(författare)
-
Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium-tritium operation with the ITER like-wall
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 59:11
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the past several years, the JET scientific programme (Pamela et al 2007 Fusion Eng. Des. 82 590) has been engaged in a multi-campaign effort, including experiments in D, H and T, leading up to 2020 and the first experiments with 50%/50% D-T mixtures since 1997 and the first ever D-T plasmas with the ITER mix of plasma-facing component materials. For this purpose, a concerted physics and technology programme was launched with a view to prepare the D-T campaign (DTE2). This paper addresses the key elements developed by the JET programme directly contributing to the D-T preparation. This intense preparation includes the review of the physics basis for the D-T operational scenarios, including the fusion power predictions through first principle and integrated modelling, and the impact of isotopes in the operation and physics of D-T plasmas (thermal and particle transport, high confinement mode (H-mode) access, Be and W erosion, fuel recovery, etc). This effort also requires improving several aspects of plasma operation for DTE2, such as real time control schemes, heat load control, disruption avoidance and a mitigation system (including the installation of a new shattered pellet injector), novel ion cyclotron resonance heating schemes (such as the three-ions scheme), new diagnostics (neutron camera and spectrometer, active Alfven eigenmode antennas, neutral gauges, radiation hard imaging systems...) and the calibration of the JET neutron diagnostics at 14 MeV for accurate fusion power measurement. The active preparation of JET for the 2020 D-T campaign provides an incomparable source of information and a basis for the future D-T operation of ITER, and it is also foreseen that a large number of key physics issues will be addressed in support of burning plasmas.
|
|
| 2. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Research. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about peoples preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in peoples perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
|
|
| 3. |
- Eriksson, Frida, 1986, et al.
(författare)
-
Interpretative and predictive modelling of Joint European Torus collisionality scans
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 61:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport modelling of Joint European Torus (JET) dimensionless collisionality scaling experiments in various operational scenarios is presented. Interpretative simulations at a fixed radial position are combined with predictive JETTO simulations of temperatures and densities, using the TGLF transport model. The model includes electromagnetic effects and collisions as well as (E)over-right-arrow x (b)over-right-arrow shear in Miller geometry. Focus is on particle transport and the role of the neutral beam injection (NBI) particle source for the density peaking. The experimental 3-point collisionality scans include L-mode, and H-mode (D and H and higher beta D plasma) plasmas in a total of 12 discharges. Experimental results presented in (Tala et al 2017 44th EPS Conf.) indicate that for the H-mode scans, the NBI particle source plays an important role for the density peaking, whereas for the L-mode scan, the influence of the particle source is small. In general, both the interpretative and predictive transport simulations support the experimental conclusions on the role of the NBI particle source for the 12 JET discharges.
|
|
| 4. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
-
Cultural Universals and Cultural Differences in Meta-Norms about Peer Punishment
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Management and Organization Review. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1740-8776 .- 1740-8784. ; 13:4, s. 851-870
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Violators of cooperation norms may be informally punished by their peers. How such norm enforcement is judged by others can be regarded as a meta-norm (i.e., a second-order norm). We examined whether meta-norms about peer punishment vary across cultures by having students in eight countries judge animations in which an agent who over-harvested a common resource was punished either by a single peer or by the entire peer group. Whether the punishment was retributive or restorative varied between two studies, and findings were largely consistent across these two types of punishment. Across all countries, punishment was judged as more appropriate when implemented by the entire peer group than by an individual. Differences between countries were revealed in judgments of punishers vs. non-punishers. Specifically, appraisals of punishers were relatively negative in three Western countries and Japan, and more neutral in Pakistan, UAE, Russia, and China, consistent with the influence of individualism, power distance, and/or indulgence. Our studies constitute a first step in mapping how meta-norms vary around the globe, demonstrating both cultural universals and cultural differences.
|
|
| 5. |
- Pournaras, N., et al.
(författare)
-
Glucose Homeostasis in Relation to Neutrophil Mobilization in Smokers with COPD
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. - 1178-2005. ; 17, s. 1179-1194
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are common comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. Given that these morbidities all display increased neutrophil mobilization, the current study aimed to address whether glucose homeostasis relates to signs of neutrophil mobilization in COPD. Methods: The study population included healthy non-smokers (HNS) and long-term smokers without (LTS) and with COPD (LTS +COPD). No subject had T2DM or MetS. Serum cotinine was quantified to evaluate current smoking. Capillary blood glucose was measured after overnight fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Neutrophils were quantified in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL). The neutrophil-related cytokines IL-36 alpha, -beta and -gamma were quantified (ELISA) along with IL-6, IL-8, INF-gamma and CXCL10 (U-Plex (R)) in plasma and cell-free BAL fluid (BALF). In addition, we quantified neutrophil elastase (ELISA) and net proteinase activity (substrate assay) in BALF. Results: The LTS+COPD group had lower fasting glucose, greater change in glucose during OGTT and higher neutrophil concentrations in BAL and blood compared with HNS. Fasting glucose correlated in a positive manner with blood neutrophil concentration, forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) and FEV1 (% of predicted) in LTS+COPD. In this group, the concentration of IL-36 alpha in BALF correlated in a negative manner with fasting glucose, blood neutrophil concentration and FEV1, while the CXCL10 concentration in BALF correlated in a negative manner with glucose at the end of OGTT (120 min). We observed no corresponding correlations for neutrophil elastase, net proteinase or gelatinase activity. Conclusion: In smokers with COPD, altered glucose homeostasis is associated with local and systemic signs of increased neutrophil mobilization, but not with local proteinases. This suggests that other specific aspects of neutrophil mobilization constitute pathogenic factors that affect glucose homeostasis in COPD.
|
|
| 6. |
- Ahmed, Ali M., Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Transpersoner diskrimineras i rekryteringsprocessen
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm, Sweden : Nationalekonomiska Föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 49:1, s. 19-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 7. |
- Ahmed, Ali M., Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Transpersoner väljs bort av arbetsgivarna
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - Stockholm, Sweden : AB Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 8. |
- Andersson, Per A, 1986-
(författare)
-
Norms in Prosocial Decisions : The Role of Observability, Avoidance, and Conditionality
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Prosocial behaviors benefit other people and range from donations to charity to behavior limiting the spread of disease, such as masking and vaccination. The overarching purpose of this thesis was to contribute to our understanding of how social norms and conformity affect prosocial behavior. Here, three norm-related factors that affect such prosocial behavior were investigated: observability, avoidance and conditionality. Observability concerns whether a person is being observed during prosocial decisions, which can typically increase conformity to norms. Avoidance concerns whether a person avoids or seeks out knowledge about prosocial norms. Conditionality concerns the conditional nature of when behavior shifts occur in relation to others behavior. For instance, a person may want to follow a prosocial norm only if a very large majority adheres to it, or only if the goal of the norm is realistic to attain. Paper I focused on observability of prosocial decisions. Making decisions while knowing they would be shown to others increased prosocial behavior in the form of cooperation in a Public Goods Game, and preferences for deontological choices in moral dilemmas, but not donations given to charity. Paper II examined the existence of avoidance behavior regarding social norm about donations. Such norm avoiders appeared to be comprised of both prosocial and less prosocial individuals. Paper III investigated the interplay between descriptive (what people do) and injunctive (what one should do) norms in regards to masking during COVID-19. Paper IV then explored how varying the goal set for a prosocial norm affects willingness to try to achieve the goal, in the context of thresholds for herd immunity and vaccines for COVID-19. Some individuals were demotivated by seeing a higher goal as harder to achieve and others were motivated by believing a higher goal to lead to more people getting vaccinated. Taken together, these papers point to the inherent complexity of how norms relate to prosocial behavior, and suggest relevant aspects to consider when wanting to promote prosocial behavior.
|
|
| 9. |
- Andersson, Per A, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Prosocial and moral behavior under decision reveal in a public environment
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People may act differently in public environments due to actual reputation concerns, or due to the mere presence of others. Unlike previous studies on the influence of observability on prosocial behavior we control for the latter while manipulating the former, i.e. we control for implicit reputation concerns while manipulating explicit. We show that revealing decisions in public did not affect altruistic behavior, while it increased cooperation and made subjects less likely to make utilitarian judgments in sacrificial dilemmas (i.e., harming one to save many). Our findings are in line with theoretical models suggesting that people, at large, are averse to standing out in both positive and negative ways when it comes to altruistic giving. This "wallflower effect" does however not seem to extend to decisions on cooperation and moral judgments made in public.
|
|
| 10. |
- Chankina, A. V., et al.
(författare)
-
Possible influence of near SOL plasma on the H-mode power threshold
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Materials and Energy. - : Elsevier. - 2352-1791. ; 12, s. 273-277
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A strong effect of divertor configuration on the threshold power for the L-H transition (P-LH) was observed in recent JET experiments in the new ITER-like Wall (ILW) [1-3]. Following a series of EDGE2D-EIRENE code simulations with Be impurity and drifts a possible mechanism for the P-LH variation with the divertor geometry is proposed. Both experiment and code simulations show that in the configuration with lower neutral recycling near the outer strike point (OSP), electron temperature (T-e) peaks near the OSP prior to the L-H transition, while in the configuration with higher OSP recycling T-e peaks further out in the scrape-offlayer (SOL) and the plasma stays in the L-mode at the same input power. Code results show large positive radial electric field (E-r) in the near SOL under lower recycling conditions leading to a large E x B shear across the separatrix which may trigger earlier (at lower input power) edge turbulence suppression and lower P-LH. Suppressed T-e's at OSP in configurations with strike points on vertical targets (VT) were observed earlier and explained by a geometrical effect of neutral recycling near this particular position, whereas in configurations with strike points on horizontal targets (HT) the OSP appears to be more open for neutrals (see e.g. review paper [4]).
|
|
