| 1. |
- Månsson, Kristoffer N. T.
(författare)
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Restructuring the socially anxious brain : Using magnetic resonance imaging to advance our understanding of effective cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety disorder
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric disorder associated with considerable suffering. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective but a significant proportion does not respond or relapses, stressing the need of augmenting treatment. Using neuroimaging could elucidate the psychological and neurobiological interaction and may help to improve current therapeutics. To address this issue, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were repeatedly conducted on individuals with SAD randomised to receive CBT or an active control condition. MRI was performed pre-, and post-treatment, as well as at one-year follow-up. Matched healthy controls were also scanned to be able to evaluate disorder-specific neural responsivity and structural morphology. This thesis aimed at answering three major questions. I) Does the brain’s fear circuitry (e.g., the amygdala) change, with regard to neural response and structural morphology, immediately after CBT? II) Are the immediate changes in the brain still present at long-term follow-up? III) Can neural responsivity in the fear circuitry predict long-term treatment outcome at the level of the individual? Thus, different analytic methods were performed. Firstly, multimodal neuroimaging addressed questions on concomitant changes in neural response and grey matter volume. Secondly, two different experimental functional MRI tasks captured both neural response to emotional faces and self-referential criticism. Thirdly, support vector machine learning (SVM) was used to evaluate neural predictors at the level of the individual.Amygdala responsivity to self-referential criticism was found to be elevated in individuals with SAD, as compared to matched healthy controls, and the neural response was attenuated after effective CBT. In individuals with SAD, amygdala grey matter volume was positively correlated with symptoms of anticipatory speech anxiety, and CBT-induced symptom reduction was associated with decreased grey matter volume of the amygdala. Also, CBT-induced reduction of amygdala grey matter volume was evident both at short- and long-term follow-up. In contrast, the amygdala neural response was weakened immediately after treatment, but not at one-year follow-up. In extension to treatment effects on the brain, pre-treatment connectivity between the amygdala and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was stronger in long-term CBT non-responders, as compared to long-term CBT responders. Importantly, by use of an SVM algorithm, pre-treatment neural response to self-referential criticism in the dACC accurately predicted (>90%) the clinical response to CBT.In conclusion, modifying the amygdala is a likely mechanism of action in CBT, underlying the anxiolytic effects of this treatment, and the brain’s neural activity during self-referential criticism may be an accurate and clinically relevant predictor of the long-term response to CBT. Along these lines, neuroimaging is a vital tool in clinical psychiatry that could potentially improve clinical decision-making based on an individual’s neural characteristics.
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| 2. |
- Alim, Abdul, 1983-
(författare)
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Mechanisms in Tendon Healing : Pain, Biomarkers and the Role of Mast Cells
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tendon injuries and tendinopathy are common disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The overall aim of this thesis was to better understand the mechanisms underlying tendon healing, pain, and inflammation.The aim of the first study was to assess biomarkers of tendon healing, including procollagen type I (PINP) and type III (PIIINP) in relation to patient outcome in 65 patients with Achilles tendon rupture (ATR). At two weeks post-ATR, PINP and PIIINP-levels were quantified using microdialysis followed by ELISA. At one-year post-ATR patient outcome was assessed using the validated Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score. We found that higher ratio of PINP and PIIINP to total protein were significantly associated with less pain but more fatigue in the affected limb.In the second study, we applied Intermittent Pneumatic Compression (IPC) therapy for two weeks to stimulate tendon healing. The patients received either adjuvant IPC treatment or treatment-as-usual in a plaster cast without IPC. We observed that IPC therapy significantly increased PINP levels in the injured tendon, suggesting enhanced healing response.In our third study, we investigated healing response and the role of mast cells (MCs) in-vivo using an ATR rat model. Three weeks postoperatively, we demonstrated an increased number of MCs and a higher proportion of degranulated MCs in the injured tendon compared to the control. We further established that MCs in the injured tendon were positive for the glutamate receptor NMDAR1.In our final study, we assessed the effect of glutamate stimulation on in-vitro-derived mouse bone marrow MCs. Mast cell degranulation was quantified through β-hexosaminidase release, immunofluorescence was used to quantify NMDARs at the protein level, and RT-qPCR/microarray was used to study the expression of NMDARs and associated genes. Glutamate induced a robust upregulation of glutamate receptors of both ionotropic and metabotropic type, both at the mRNA and at protein level. NMDAR1 co-localized with glutamate in the membrane of MCs, thereby confirming an interaction between glutamate and its receptor. Glutamate also induced expression of pro-inflammatory compounds such as IL-6 and CCL2 and transcription factors such as Egr2, Egr3 and FosB. Moreover, the NMDA-channel blocker MK-801 completely abrogated the response of MCs to glutamate, supporting a functional glutamate–glutamate receptor axis in MCs.Together, findings presented in this dissertation reveal possible mechanisms of tendon healing in relation to pain and function, and establish a novel principle for how immune cells can communicate with nerve cells after ATR.
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| 3. |
- Kutscher, Liselott, 1976-
(författare)
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Export and sources of organic carbon in the Lena River basin, Northeastern Siberia
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Permafrost areas are considered to be one of the largest terrestrial storages of carbon. In a warming climate these areas are expected to experience changes in carbon transport to rivers and the oceans due to permafrost thawing, which could enhance erosion, change water flow pathways and increase greenhouse gas emissions. Large amounts of the carbon transported from the terrestrial environment to rivers are in the form of natural organic matter (NOM). The Lena River basin in northeastern Siberia, which is mainly underlain by continuous permafrost, is the largest contributor of NOM to the Arctic Ocean. In this study we present a spatial data set of NOM, including concentrations and stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) of dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) as well as carbon and nitrogen ratios (C/N) from 77 sample stations in the Lena River and its tributaries. The samples were collected during two field seasons in July 2012 and June 2013.The results from this study showed large spatial variations in concentrations, annual export and fluxes of organic carbon. These variations were primarily due to variations in discharge and topography. The δ13C and C/N indicated that terrestrial sources such as plants and soil organic matter (SOM), were the main sources of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), while particulate organic matter (POM) was mainly derived from aquatic produced material or SOM. There were clear differences in δ13C and C/N of DOM between sampling years, indicating more surficial flow pathways in samples collected earlier in the summer compared to samples collected later in the summer. The δ13C of POM was correlated with water temperatures and topography, showing that tributaries with origin in mountainous areas in general had soil derived POM and lower water temperatures, while tributaries from lowland areas had higher water temperatures and more influence of aquatic sources. We suggest that this pattern is probably due to differences in water flow pathways. Shifts in export of NOM from drainage areas underlain by permafrost will likely be dependent of spatial changes in hydroclimate and the depth of the active layer in a warming climate.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Henrik
(författare)
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Immigration and the Neighborhood : Essays on the Causes and Consequences of International Migration
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay 1 (with Kristoffer Jutvik): This paper uses quasi-experimental evidence to understand how changes in migration policy affect the number of asylum seekers. We look specifically at a sudden, regulatory change in the Swedish reception of Syrian asylum seekers. The change took place in September 2013, and implied that all Syrian asylum seekers would be granted permanent, instead of temporary residence permits. Using high frequency data and an interrupted time series set-up, we study the extent to which this change caused more Syrian citizens to apply for asylum in Sweden, and how the change affected the distribution of asylum seekers in Europe. Results show that the change in policy almost doubled the number of asylum seekers from Syria within 2013, with a significant jump in numbers already within the first week after the implementation of the policy. While this also decreased the share of asylum seekers to other large recipient countries (Germany), the effects were highly temporary.Essay 2: In this paper I estimate the causal effect of ethnic enclaves on the probability of self-employment. To account for neighborhood selection I make use of a refugee dispersal program. Results indicate that larger ethnic enclaves, measured as the share of self-employed coethnics in the municipality immigrants first arrive into, affect the probability of self-employment positively, while the share of all other coethnics has a negative effect. Results however also indicate that there is a long term economic penalty to being placed with a larger share of self-employed coethnics, an effect which is partly mediated through the choice of self-employment.Essay 3 (with Heléne Berg and Matz Dahlberg): In this paper we investigate the migration behavior of the native population following foreign (refugee) immigration, with a particular focus on examining whether there is any support for an ethnically based migration response. If ethnicity is the mechanism driving the change in natives' migration behavior, our maintained hypothesis is that native-born individuals who are more ethnically similar to arriving refugees should not change their migration behavior to the same extent as native-born individuals with native-born parents (who are ethnically quite different from refugees). Using rich geo-coded register data from Sweden, spanning over 20 consecutive years, we account for possible endogeneity problems with an improved so-called ``shift-share" instrumental variable approach; in particular, our strategy combines policy-induced initial immigrant settlements with exogenous contemporaneous immigration as captured by refugee shocks. We find no evidence of neither native flight nor native avoidance when studying the full population. We do, however, find native flight among individuals who are expected to be more mobile, and within this group, we find that all natives, irrespective of their parents' foreign background, react similarly to increased immigration. Our results therefore indicate that preferences for ethnically homogeneous neighborhoods may not be the dominant channel inducing flight. Instead our estimates indicate that immigration leads to more socio-economically segregated neighborhoods. This conclusion can have important implications for the ethnically based tipping point literature.Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): In this paper we examine the short-run housing market effects of refugee immigration to Sweden. Given that Sweden is a major refugee receiving country, it constitutes an interesting and important case to study. To deal with the endogeneity resulting from the refugees' location choices, we use an econometric specification that includes neighborhood fixed effects and an instrumental variable that is based on a historical settlement pattern mainly determined by a refugee placement policy. We find that refugee immigration to small neighborhoods has no average effect on changes in housing prices in that neighborhood. We find a positive effect on increased housing supply, measured as the number of objects on sale. The zero effect of immigration on housing prices stands in contrast to the negative results found in earlier studies. We hypothesize that the reason is due to different preferences for homogeneity in Sweden, and/or to institutional features in the Swedish rental sector.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Per A, 1986-
(författare)
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Norms in Prosocial Decisions : The Role of Observability, Avoidance, and Conditionality
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Prosocial behaviors benefit other people and range from donations to charity to behavior limiting the spread of disease, such as masking and vaccination. The overarching purpose of this thesis was to contribute to our understanding of how social norms and conformity affect prosocial behavior. Here, three norm-related factors that affect such prosocial behavior were investigated: observability, avoidance and conditionality. Observability concerns whether a person is being observed during prosocial decisions, which can typically increase conformity to norms. Avoidance concerns whether a person avoids or seeks out knowledge about prosocial norms. Conditionality concerns the conditional nature of when behavior shifts occur in relation to others behavior. For instance, a person may want to follow a prosocial norm only if a very large majority adheres to it, or only if the goal of the norm is realistic to attain. Paper I focused on observability of prosocial decisions. Making decisions while knowing they would be shown to others increased prosocial behavior in the form of cooperation in a Public Goods Game, and preferences for deontological choices in moral dilemmas, but not donations given to charity. Paper II examined the existence of avoidance behavior regarding social norm about donations. Such norm avoiders appeared to be comprised of both prosocial and less prosocial individuals. Paper III investigated the interplay between descriptive (what people do) and injunctive (what one should do) norms in regards to masking during COVID-19. Paper IV then explored how varying the goal set for a prosocial norm affects willingness to try to achieve the goal, in the context of thresholds for herd immunity and vaccines for COVID-19. Some individuals were demotivated by seeing a higher goal as harder to achieve and others were motivated by believing a higher goal to lead to more people getting vaccinated. Taken together, these papers point to the inherent complexity of how norms relate to prosocial behavior, and suggest relevant aspects to consider when wanting to promote prosocial behavior.
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| 6. |
- Bueno, Edgar, 1983-
(författare)
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Essays on Sample Surveys : Design and Estimation
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sampling is a core stage in every survey. A sampling design carefully elaborated may imply not only a more accurate estimation of the parameters of interest, but also a reduction in the required sample size in a study. In this thesis we consider two particular but connected subjects. On the one hand, the selection of samples with probabilities proportional to some prescribed values. The first two papers are devoted to this topic. On the other hand, the choice of sampling design to implement in a given survey, which is a topic to which the last two papers are devoted.Probability proportional to size sampling designs, often referred to as πps designs, are of practical interest due to their potential efficiency. In the literature we can find many of these designs, all having different characteristics. In the first paper we describe and compare ten πps designs with respect to several desired properties. The results suggest that the so called order sampling methods, as well as those proposed by Sunter and Chromy may be considered as good options from a practitioner's point of view.In the second paper we introduce an algorithm for approximating a target distribution by a mixture distribution. Being a mixture, most of its properties are easy to calculate. We illustrate the use of the algorithm with several examples, both univariate and multivariate. The results indicate that the algorithm succeeds in approximating the target distribution.The strategy that couples πps designs with the generalized regression estimator is optimal under a given superpopulation model. However, this optimality assumes that the model is correct and some of its parameters are known, which are assumptions that are hardly satisfied in practice. In the third paper we introduce a method that allows for incorporating uncertainty about the model parameters into the choice of the sampling design and then quantifying this uncertainty with a risk measure. The method is illustrated with a real dataset. The results show that the method allowed us to correctly choose the sampling design. The risk measure -as well as other functions that are useful at the planning stage of a survey- is implemented in the package optimStrat developed for R. The fourth paper in this thesis describes the functions in this package.
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| 7. |
- Dahlin, Mats, 1975-
(författare)
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Development and evaluation of an internet-based treatment for generalized anxiety disorder : An acceptance-based approach
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by an excessive and uncontrollable worry. GAD has a highly negative impact on all aspects of life, and the costs for society are considerable. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), delivered face-to- face or online, has been shown to be effective in treating GAD. However, there are still room for improvement, with treatment content and format of delivery being two areas to further investigate. Internet-based treatments are often based on a generic CBT model of GAD and include treatment strategies such as cognitive restructuring and relaxation. Furthermore, the impact of therapist support has shown inconclusive results.Overall, this thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of a new internet-based treatment for GAD, based on acceptance, mindfulness, and valued action, delivered with different types of support. Study I was a small pilot trial with a within-group design. The study included 16 participants diagnosed with GAD who received the newly developed treatment program with weekly therapist support. Statistically significant and large effect sizes were observed on self-rated worry at post-treatment, and the effects were maintained at a three-months follow-up. Study II included 103 participants diagnosed with GAD who were randomized to nine weeks of treatment with the treatment program and weekly support, or a waiting-list control group. Statistically significant moderate to large effects were observed on primary and secondary outcomes in favour of the treatment. The exception was a measure of quality of life, with no significant difference between the two groups. The treatment effects were maintained at a six-months follow-up. Study III was a pilot trial including 33 participants diagnosed with GAD. A within-group design was used to investigate the effects of the treatment program delivered with automated messages and support on demand. Significant and large within-group effects were observed on all outcome measures at post-treatment with the exception of quality of life, for which there was a small effect. Study IV was a pilot factorial design trial that compared the acceptance-based treatment program against a self-tailored treatment, as well as two types of support: scheduled support and support on demand. The study included 85 participants with GAD randomized to four different treatment groups. Significant moderate to large effects were observed in all treatment groups, with no statistically significant differences between the groups on self-rated outcome measures. Receiving scheduled support was rated as more positive than support on demand, and self-tailored treatment was rated as more positive than the acceptance-based treatment. Treatment satisfaction was high in all studies.In conclusion, the studies indicate that an internet-based treatment based on acceptance, mindfulness, and valued action is a viable option in the treatment of GAD.
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| 8. |
- Hirst, Catherine, 1989-
(författare)
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Iron in the Lena River basin, NE Russia : Insights from microscopy, spectroscopy and isotope analysis
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Iron is an important mediator of biotic and abiotic processes on the Earth’s surface, being an electron acceptor in organic matter degradation, a surface for organic matter and trace element adsorption, and a required element for enzymatic processes during primary production. Yet, the role of iron as a mediator of carbon and trace element cycling in high latitude, permafrost-dominated regions remains poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to characterise the chemical reactivity (by size separation, microscopy and spectroscopy) and sources (by isotope composition) of Fe in the Lena River and major tributaries, spanning a wide range in lithology, topography and climate. The Fe transported in the Lena River and major tributaries carries an integrated signal of Fe weathering processes across the permafrost-dominated terrain.A spatial sample set was collected during the post-spring flood period (July 2012, June 2013), from the main channel and tributaries draining contrasting topography and permafrost extent. Across the basin, Fe is mainly transported as chemically reactive ferrihydrite that spans the particulate (> 0.22 µm) and colloidal (0.22 µm – 1 kDa) fractions. The remaining Fe transported as poorly reactive detrital Fe in clays and crystalline oxides. Fe is transported in larger size fractions than the dissolved OM showing that Fe is not a major carrier of DOM. Nano-sized ferrihydrite was attached to OM in the particulate fraction, evidence of a Fe – OM particle association in the Lena River basin.Ferrihydrite shows distinct isotope values in particulate and colloidal fractions, showing that there is a difference in isotopic composition between different size fractions of the same mineral. A conceptual model was developed to understand ferrihydrite formation in the riparian zone of the Lena River and tributaries. Particulate ferrihydrite has isotope values lower than crustal values resulting from redox and organic-ligand promoted mineral dissolution and precipitation of Fe(II)aq to form coatings of ferrihydrite on particles in the riparian zone. Ferrihydrite colloids span a wider range of isotope values, higher than Fe particles, resulting from variations in the size and isotope composition of the Fe(II)aq pool transported in soil groundwaters, and the isotope fractionation factor for Fe oxidation and organic complexation.A temporal sample set was collected in the main channel between September 2012 – March 2013 and every three days during May 2015. The colloidal Fe shows distinct seasonal Fe isotope signatures and Fe fluxes, with isotope values lower than crustal during winter baseflow, overlying crustal values during spring flood and higher than crustal values during summer, attributed to changing sources and thus conditions for isotope fractionation. The combined understanding of Fe reactivity and isotope composition allows us to isolate the dominant sources of Fe entering the Lena River.
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| 9. |
- Ulvenblad, Per-Ola, 1959-
(författare)
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Sustainable business model innovation in agri-firms
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background The focus of the research in the thesis is the development of sustainable business model innovation in Swedish agri-firms. There are needs on global and national levels for sustainable business model innovation in the agri-sector. More food must be produced to feed the growing world population. Simultaneously, agriculture must become more sustainable even when the sector raises production. Hence, the firms in the agri-sector must become more sustainable even if they are raising production. In order to raise production, the agri-firms need to be profitable. Consequently, this generates the practical relevance and problem: How can agri-firms develop sustainable (economically, socially, and environmentally) business model innovation?Purpose The neglect of theoretical research regarding sustainable business model innovation in the agri-sector is partly dependent on the limited empirical research regarding this phenomenon. Sustainable business model innovation in the agri-sector has not been closely studied, which constitutes an empirical problem. Against this background, the overall purpose of the thesis is to contribute to theorizing regarding the application and use of sustainable business model innovation in agri-firms.To fulfill the overall purpose, two research questions have been formulated. Since the previous research regarding business models and business model innovation in the agri-sector is scarce, recent, and fragmented, there is a need to systematize research within the field. This leads to the first research question: What is the state-of-art research on sustainable business model innovation in the agri-sector? Further, previous research has neglected empirical studies of sustainable business model innovation in the agri-sector. This research strives to contribute to change and empirical studies of sustainable business model innovation in the agri-sector will be conducted. This leads to the second research question: How do agri-firms apply sustainable business model innovation practices? Methodology In order to understand and generate knowledge regarding sustainable business model innovation in agri-firms, different mixed methods assessed as suitable for the focus of the research have been used. The research process started with systematic literature reviews, followed by the conceptual development of a theoretical framework regarding sustainable business model innovation in agri-firms. Following, qualitative semi-structured interviews with agri-entrepreneurs were conducted. A smaller quantitative survey was also carried out. After that, a large quantitative telephone survey of agri-firms was conducted. Finally, eight qualitative cases are conducted based on interviews, financial reports and documentation in different media.Findings and conclusions The value intention of the agri-entrepreneur has been identified as the starting point for development of sustainable business model innovation. Value intention has been added to the three previous building blocks of a sustainable business model; value proposition, value creation and delivery, and value capture. The building block value intention makes it possible to include the actor, the agri-entrepreneur, in the business model construct. Further, sustainability aspects have been added to all four building blocks of a sustainable business model. Stewardship has been identified as a concept which can be used to understand the value intention of agri-entrepreneurs striving for economic, social, and environmental goals. Stewardship can be understood from the interdependency between agriculture and environmental, human and physical resources. The definition of stewardship in this thesis is in contrast with the sustainable business model archetypes framework, where stewardship is one of the eight archetypes. In the thesis, stewardship is a concept of a higher order, a driver of sustainable business model innovation. Stewardship theory is a relevant theory when studying sustainable business model innovation in agri-firms. The manager of an agri-firm is often the owner of the firm, which means that a formal contractual relationship is not at hand. However, the manager/owner has commitments towards family, value chain actors, farm and land. This is especially valid when the agri-firm is conducting sustainable business model innovation, which contains considerations regarding society as well as environment, which can be regarded as the principals.A dichotomization in farmer-producer and farmer-entrepreneur has been conducted. The dichotomization has implications in several dimensions. The dimensions which are elaborated upon are; main focus, value chain position, profit strategy, economics focus, size, logic, environmental and animal welfare laws and regulations, sustainability, innovation, and digitalization.Implications Based on the conclusions of the research presented in this thesis, the farmers ought to regard themselves as entrepreneurs and ascend along the value chain. A practical implication for agri-entrepreneurs is to involve sustainability aspects in all four building blocks more explicitly (i) value intention, (ii) value proposition, (iii) value creation and delivery and (iv) value capture. A practical implication for advisory organisations is that they should not focus on entrepreneur’s knowledge, what the entrepreneur should know. Instead, the focus should be mindsets, strategies for thought patterns and strategies for behaviours, what the entrepreneur should be able to do. For future research, the inclusion of value intention of the owner-manager and the importance of stewardship in further theory building regarding sustainable business models could generate important insights into potential trade-offs and barriers based on social, environmental, and economic aspects. This is important not only for research, but for practice in all sectors of industry due to the current and future societal challenges.
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| 10. |
- Harlin, Eva-Marie
(författare)
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Lärares reflektion och professionella utveckling : Med video som verktyg
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna avhandling är att bidra till förståelsen av hur lärares professionella utveckling kan stödjas. Detta har gjorts genom att undersöka vilka konsekvenserna blir av att lärare ser sig själva på videoinspelningar från sin egen undervisning. Resultaten som presenteras bygger på en longitudinell undersökning. I den första studien deltog lärarstudenter som gick sista terminen på folkhögskollärarprogrammet. De spelade in sin undervisning under den verksamhetsförlagda delen av utbildningen, ”praktiken” på en folkhögskola. Det som eftersöktes var vilka situationer som överraskade lärarstudenterna när de sedan såg sig själva på film. De skrev ner sina reflektioner och resultatet visade att överraskningarna handlade om bristen på lyhördhet i relation till deltagarna. De formulerade också tankar om hur de skulle vilja agera i klassrummet. I den uppföljande studien spelade några av dessa personer, som nu varit verksamma folkhögskollärare i två år efter avslutad utbildning, återigen in en av sina lektioner. Denna gång beskrev lärarna att de på filmen såg att de hade förändrat eller utvecklat sina handlingsvanor till ett mer deltagarorienterat förhållningssätt. De beskrev också att de agerade på ett mer professionellt sätt. Den teori som legat till grund för analysen har sin grund i ett pragmatiskt synsätt på lärande. Från symbolisk interaktionism har begreppen ”I” och ”me” använts, och för att i det här fallet undersöka den professionella aspekten av ”me” har begreppet ”professionalme” prövats.
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