| 1. |
- Chen, Hongming, et al.
(författare)
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In silico prediction of unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio using machine learning algorithms
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling. - : Elsevier BV. - 1093-3263 .- 1873-4243. ; 29:8, s. 985-995
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distribution over the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important parameter to consider for compounds that will be synthesized in a drug discovery project. Drugs that aim at targets in the central nervous system (CNS) must pass the BBB. In contrast, drugs that act peripherally are often optimised to minimize the risk of CNS side effects by restricting their potential to reach the brain. Historically, most prediction methods have focused on the total compound distribution between the blood plasma and the brain. However, recently it has been proposed that the unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (K(p,uu,brain)) is more relevant. In the current study, quantitative K(p,uu,brain) prediction models have been built on a set of 173 in-house compounds by using various machine learning algorithms. The best model was shown to be reasonably predictive for the test set of 73 compounds (R(2) = 0.58). When used for qualitative prediction the model shows an accuracy of 0.85 (Kappa = 0.68). An additional external test set containing 111 marketed CNS active drugs was also classified with the model and 89% of these drugs were correctly predicted as having high brain exposure.
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| 2. |
- Fridén, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a High-Throughput Brain Slice Method for Studying Drug Distribution in the Central Nervous System
- 2009
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Ingår i: Drug Metabolism And Disposition. - : American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). - 0090-9556 .- 1521-009X. ; 37:6, s. 1226-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New, more efficient methods of estimating unbound drug concentrations in the CNS combine the amount of drug in whole brain tissue samples measured by conventional methods with in vitro estimates of the unbound brain volume of distribution (Vu,brain). While the brain slice method is the most reliable in vitro method for measuring Vu,brain, it has not previously been adapted for the needs of drug discovery research. The aim of this study was to increase the throughput and optimize the experimental conditions of this method. Equilibrium of drug between the buffer and the brain slice within the 4-5 hours of incubation is a fundamental requirement. However, it is difficult to meet this requirement for many of the extensively binding, lipophilic compounds in drug discovery programmes. In this study, the dimensions of the incubation vessel and mode of stirring influenced the equilibration time, as did the amount of brain tissue per unit buffer volume. The use of casette experiments for investigating Vu,brain in a linear drug concentration range increased the throughput of the method. The Vu,brain for the model compounds ranged from mL*g brain(-1); the sources of variability are discussed. The optimized set-up of the brain slice method allows precise, robust estimation of Vu,brain for drugs with diverse properties, including highly lipophilic compounds. This is a critical step forward for the implementation of relevant measurements of CNS exposure in the drug discovery setting.
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| 3. |
- Fridén, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of positron emission tomography (PET) tracer candidates by prediction of the target-bound fraction in the brain
- 2014
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Ingår i: EJNMMI Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2191-219X. ; 4, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Development of tracers for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is often a time-consuming process associated with considerable attrition. In an effort to simplify this process, we herein propose a mechanistically integrated approach for the selection of tracer candidates based on in vitro measurements of ligand affinity (K-d), non-specific binding in brain tissue (V-u,V-brain), and target protein expression (B-max). Methods: A dataset of 35 functional and 12 non-functional central nervous system (CNS) PET tracers was compiled. Data was identified in literature for K-d and B-max, whereas a brain slice methodology was used to determine values for V-u,V-brain. A mathematical prediction model for the target-bound fraction of tracer in the brain (f(tb)) was derived and evaluated with respect to how well it predicts tracer functionality compared to traditional PET tracer candidate selection criteria. Results: The methodology correctly classified 31/35 functioning and 12/12 non-functioning tracers. This predictivity was superior to traditional classification criteria or combinations thereof. Conclusions: The presented CNS PET tracer identification approach is rapid and accurate and is expected to facilitate the development of novel PET tracers for the molecular imaging community.
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| 4. |
- Fridén, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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In vitro methods for estimating unbound drug concentrations in the brain interstitial and intracellular fluids
- 2007
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Ingår i: Drug Metabolism And Disposition. - : American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). - 0090-9556 .- 1521-009X. ; 35:9, s. 1711-1719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations of unbound drug in the interstitial fluid of the brain are not rapidly measured in vivo. Therefore, measurement of total drug levels, i.e., the amount of drug per gram of brain, has been a common but unhelpful practice in drug discovery programs relating to central drug effects. This study was designed to evaluate in vitro techniques for faster estimation of unbound drug concentrations. The parameter that relates the total drug level and the unbound interstitial fluid concentration is the unbound volume of distribution in the brain (V(u,brain)). It was measured in vitro for 15 drugs using brain slice uptake and brain homogenate binding methods. The results were validated in vivo by comparison with V(u,brain) microdialysis results. The slice method results were within a 3-fold range of the in vivo results for all but one compound, suggesting that this method could be used in combination with total drug levels to estimate unbound interstitial fluid concentrations within reasonable limits. Although successful in 10 of 15 cases, the brain homogenate binding method failed to estimate the V(u,brain) of drugs that reside predominantly in the interstitial space or compounds that are accumulated intracellularly. Use of the simple methods described in this article will 1) allow quantification of active transport at the blood-brain barrier in vivo, 2) facilitate the establishment of a relationship between in vitro potency and in vivo activity for compounds acting on central nervous system targets, and 3) provide information on intracellular concentrations of unbound drug.
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| 5. |
- Fridén, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 52:20, s. 6233-6243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New experimental methodologies were applied to measure the unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (K(p,uu,brain)) and the unbound CSF-to-plasma concentration ratio (K(p,uu,CSF)) in rats for 43 structurally diverse drugs. The relationship between chemical structure and K(p,uu,brain) was dominated by hydrogen bonding. Contrary to popular understanding based on the total brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (logBB), lipophilicity was not a determinant of unbound brain exposure. Although changing the number of hydrogen bond acceptors is a useful design strategy for optimizing K(p,uu,brain), future improvement of in silico prediction models is dependent on the accommodation of active drug transport. The structure-brain exposure relationships found in the rat also hold for humans, since the rank order of the drugs was similar for human and rat K(p,uu,CSF). This cross-species comparison was supported by K(p,uu,CSF) being within 3-fold of K(p,uu,brain) in the rat for 33 of 39 drugs. It was, however, also observed that K(p,uu,CSF) overpredicts K(p,uu,brain) for highly effluxed drugs, indicating lower efflux capacity of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier compared to the blood-brain barrier.
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| 6. |
- Sten, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma Pharmacokinetics of N-Acetylgalactosamine-Conjugated Small-Interfering Ribonucleic Acids (GalNAc-Conjugated siRNAs)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. - : ADIS INT LTD. - 0312-5963 .- 1179-1926. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation for improved liver uptake represent an emerging class of drugs that modulate liver-expressed therapeutic targets. The pharmacokinetics of GalNAc-siRNAs are characterized by a rapid distribution from plasma to tissue (hours) and a long terminal plasma half-life, analyzed in the form of the antisense strand, driven by redistribution from tissue (weeks). Understanding how clinical pharmacokinetics relate to the dose and type of siRNA chemical stabilizing method used is critical, e.g., to design studies, to investigate safety windows, and to predict the pharmacokinetics of new preclinical assets. To this end, we collected and analyzed pharmacokinetic data from the literature regarding nine GalNAc-siRNAs. Based on this analysis, we showed that the clinical plasma pharmacokinetics of GalNAc-siRNAs are approximately dose proportional and similar between chemical stabilizing methods. This holds for both the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Corresponding rat and monkey pharmacokinetic data for a subset of the nine GalNAc-siRNAs show dose-proportional Cmax, supra-dose-proportional AUC, and similar pharmacokinetics between chemical stabilizing methods . Together, the animal and human pharmacokinetic data indicate that plasma clearance divided by bioavailability follows allometric principles and scales between species with an exponent of 0.75. Finally, the clinical plasma concentration-time profiles can be empirically described by standard one-compartment kinetics with first-order absorption up to 24 h after subcutaneous dosing, and by three-compartment kinetics with first-order absorption in general. To describe the system more mechanistically, we report a corrected and unambiguously defined version of a previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic model.
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