| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons learned from setting up a demonstration site with autonomous shuttle operation – based on experience from three cities in Europe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interest in operating autonomous vehicles is growing and several demonstration sites using automated shuttles have been established all over the world. Major work is involved in setting up an automated shuttle operation that involves more than identifying the relevant site, including adhering to current regulations and obtaining approval, as well as a considerable amount of preparation and commissioning required at the site. The shuttle must pass relevant national vehicle regulations, and the operation site has to undergo a site assessment. This paper is based on lessons learned achieved from setting up automated shuttle operations in three different areas in Europe: Brussel (Belgium), Linköping (Sweden) and Turin (Italy). The focus is on the practical aspects of operation. Through the experience we have gained of setting up demonstration sites at three locations in Europe, we have identified the need to summarise the lessons learned from preparing AV shuttle operation sites in order to facilitate the implementation of other operation sites. Hence, this paper aims to consolidate lessons learned during preparation and implementation of automated shuttle operations in near urban environments and to identify the path toward future implementation The three sites operate different brands and number of shuttles, different types of infrastructure and varying local conditions. The focus here was on generic lessons learned and not to understand differences between brands and operators. It is clear that further development of the AV shuttles is vital to ensure that they operate smoothly in complex traffic situations considering lane and road width, shared spaces, snow, dust, rain, leaves, birds, etc. Adapting the road infrastructure to enable the shuttles to run in the autonomous mode should be avoided, instead the shuttle development should prioritise fitting into the existing traffic environment and eco system. Mitigation areas have been identified covering: road infrastructure, weather dependant operation, season dependent operation, improvement of localisation, digital infrastructure, design and working conditions, and citizens’ user experience.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and enforcement
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and Enforcement
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation: Waking Up to the Challenge. - 9781000904079 ; , s. 41-52
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 4. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Rumble Strips, Continuous Shoulder, and Centerline
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - Oxford : Elsevier. ; , s. 549-553
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rumble strips in the center of two-lane rural roads and on the shoulder of motorways are a countermeasure aimed to help drivers who unintentionally are about to leave the lane, for example, due to fatigue or inattention. Rumble strips are widely used. They are installed in the raised profile or as in-ground (milled or pressed). The design varies in width, depth, length, and design. The most effective are the in-ground ones. Evaluations show an effect of 10% reduction of all injury crashes and 37% reduction on target crashes (head-on, single crashes to the left, etc.). Rumble strips contribute to speed reduction of 2–5 km/h and an increased distance to them with 10–15 cm, something that is good for vehicle-to-vehicle interactions, but less good for pedestrians and cyclist using the shoulder. To summarize, rumble strips save lives to a rather small cost in relation to other infrastructure-based countermeasures.
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| 5. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers’ perspectives
- 2022
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Ingår i: Road Safety on Five Continents – RS5C. Proceedings. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 94-95
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Travelling by bus is one of the safest modes of transport. However, crashes still happen and studies have found that the most severe crashes are related to rollovers, mainly on rural roads. The most severe injuries occur when unbuckled passengers are thrown out through the windows or get stuck under the bus. In Sweden the use of a seat belt and information about seat belt use when traveling by bus is regulated in Traffic Ordinance (1998: 1276) Chapter 4 §10a. In short, all bus passengers three years or older should be seated in a place with a seat belt, if there is such a place, and should use the belt. If there is no seat belt available, it is allowed to stand in the bus (if the bus is approved for standing places). The legal responsibility to inform and make sure passengers under 15 use the belt are on the bus driver. Despite existing regulations there is no clear view on the usage rate of seat belt in buses, or on the travellers’ view of their own usage and the reasons to not buckle up. This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers’ incentives of seatbelt usage.
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| 6. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers' perspectives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers' incentives of seat belt usage. Methods used are observational studies (10 cities, with 328 bus observations), focus group discussion (7 groups with a total of 32 participants) and a web survey (n = 1737 respondents). The results show that the seat belt use among bus passengers can be improved especially in regional and commercial bus traffic. It is more common to buckle up on long trips than on short trips. However, even though observations show high usage during long trips, travellers report that they remove the seat belt after a while if they want to sleep or for comfort reasons. For the bus drivers it is not possible to control passengers' usage. Dirty seat belts and technical malfunction might deter some passengers from using them and therefore systematic cleaning and control of seats and belts are recommended. On short trips one reason for not using the belt is related to worries about getting stuck and not being ready to get off in time. In general, it is most important to increase the usage on high-speed roads (>60 km/ h), in lower speed it might be more important to provide a seat for each passenger. Based on the results a list of recommendations is presented.
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| 7. |
- Anund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The alerting effect of hitting a rumble strip--a simulator study with sleepy drivers.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Accid Anal Prev. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2057 .- 0001-4575. ; 40:6, s. 1970-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The alerting effect of hitting a rumble strip--a simulator study with sleepy drivers.Anund A, Kecklund G, Vadeby A, Hjälmdahl M, Akerstedt T.Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-177 71 Stockholm, Sweden. anna.anund@vti.seA moving base driving simulator experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effects of milled rumble strips on driver fatigue. There were rumble strips both at the edge line and centre line. Four different physical designs of milled rumble strips (yielding noise values from 1.5 to 16 dBA) and two placements on shoulder were used in the experiment. Sound and vibrations from real milled rumble strips were reproduced in the simulator. In total 35 regular shift workers drove during the morning hours after a full night shift. The main results showed an increase in sleepiness indicators (EEG alpha/theta activity, eye closure duration, standard deviation of lateral position, subjective sleepiness) from start to before hitting the rumble strip, an alerting effect in most parameters (not subjective sleepiness) after hitting the strip. The alertness enhancing effect was, however, short and the sleepiness signs returned 5 min after the rumble strip hit. Essentially no effects were seen due to type of strip. It was concluded that various aspects of sleepiness are increased before hitting a rumble strip and that the effect is very short-lived. Type of strip, as used in the present study did not have any effect.
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| 8. |
- Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, et al.
(författare)
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D6.1: Evaluation framework, plans and material. Deliverable of the Horizon-2020 PANACEA project, Grant Agreement No. 953426
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable presents the evaluation framework, plans and material for all data collections of the PANACEA project. It describes the objectives of the studies and how they will be realised. The purpose of the PANACEA evaluation framework is to create a common framework to be used in all studies to make sure the data are collected in a way that makes it possible to consolidate the results at the end and to provide what is needed for impact analysis (WP7). This version of the deliverable has its focus on setting the framework and the work process. An update of this deliverable will be done in M22 (D6.2: ‘Evaluation framework, plans and material - an update’). The key content of D6.1 is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction to the deliverable, specifying its purpose, the intended audience, and interrelations with other project activities. Chapter 2 introduces the project objectives related to the WP6 data collections. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of each Use Case and Chapter 4 presents the various studies within the project including descriptions of the main actors, environment, vehicles, PANACEA sensors/technologies, and countermeasures. Chapter 5 describes the process of developing the evaluation framework for the project and presents the PANACEA evaluation framework. Chapters 6-18 then follow the steps defined in the evaluation framework. Chapters 6-11 describe the planning phase and present the Use Case Scenarios, Research Questions, Key Performance Indicators, study designs, data gathering tools, and data analysis plan. Chapters 12-14 describe the implementation phase, including pilot site preparations, data collection, and data delivery. Chapters 15-18 describe the data analysis phase and includes chapters about data analysis, results reporting, results consolidation, and impact assessment. Lastly, Chapter 19 provides the conclusions of the deliverable. The deliverable presents both a horizontal perspective of the pilot sites as well as more detailed descriptions of what will be included in the different studies. The general data gathering tools (objective and subjective) are identified and will be further refined in the update of the deliverable. A set of guidelines on practicalities and ethical aspects to take into consideration before and during data collection are presented. The update of the deliverable, planned for M22, will include the detailed evaluation protocols, with ready-made templates for pilot sites, questionnaires to use, performance criteria, indicators, log files to use, crucial timelines, etc. In addition, the final pilot and experimental plans will be defined and described per pilot site and type of evaluation activity.
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| 9. |
- Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, et al.
(författare)
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D6.2: Evaluation framework, plans and material - an update. Deliverable of the Horizon-2020 PANACEA project, Grant Agreement No. 953426
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable presents the evaluation framework, plans and material for all data collections connected to work package 6 (WP6) of the PANACEA project. It describes the objectives of the studies and how they will be realised. The purpose of the PANACEA evaluation framework is to create a common framework to be used in all studies to make sure the data are collected in a way that makes it possible to consolidate the results at the end and to provide what is needed for impact analysis (WP7). The first version of the deliverable (D6.1: ‘Evaluation framework, plans and material´) had its focus on setting the framework and the work process. In this updated version, the focus is on the evaluation protocols for all studies, including templates for the pilot sites, questionnaires to use, key performance indicators (KPI), log files to use, crucial timelines, etc. The experimental plans are described per pilot site and type of evaluation activity. The key content of D6.2 is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction to the deliverable, specifying its purpose, the intended audience, and interrelations with other project activities. Chapter 2 introduces the project objectives related to the WP6 data collections. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of each Use Case and Chapter 4 presents the various studies within the project including descriptions of the main actors, environment, vehicles, PANACEA sensors/technologies, and countermeasures. Chapter 5 describes the PANACEA evaluation framework. Chapters 6-15 then describe the steps defined in the evaluation framework. Chapters 6-11 include the planning phase and present the Use Case Scenarios, Research Questions, Key Performance Indicators, study designs, data gathering tools, and data analysis plan. Chapters 12-13 describe the implementation phase, including pilot site preparations, and data collection. Chapters 13-15 describe the data analysis phase and includes chapters about data delivery, data analysis, results reporting, results consolidation, and impact assessment. Lastly, Chapter 16 provides the conclusions of the deliverable. The deliverable presents both a horizontal perspective of the pilot sites as well as more detailed descriptions of what will be included in the different studies. The main text of the deliverable provides an overview of all studies and evaluations within PANACEA. Research questions and KPIs are defined for each study (Appendix III). The general data gathering tools (objective and subjective) are identified. The questionnaires used for the evaluations are included in Appendix IV. A set of guidelines on practicalities and ethical aspects to take into consideration before and during data collection are presented. Experimental plans for all WP6 data collections are included as appendices to the deliverable (Appendix II).
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| 10. |
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