| 1. |
- Anwar, Mahwish, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of Unsupervised Learning Algorithms for Intrusion Detection in IEC 104 SCADA Protocol
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings - International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781665466080
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The power grid is a build-up of a mesh of thousands of sensors, embedded devices, and terminal units that communicate over different media. The heterogeneity of modern and legacy equipment calls for attention towards diverse network security measures. The critical infrastructure employs different security measures to detect and prevent adversaries, e.g., through signature-based tools. These approaches lack the potential to identify unknown attacks. Machine learning has the prospective to address novel attack vectors. This paper systematically evaluates the efficacy of learning algorithms from different families for intrusion detection in IEC 60870-5-104 protocol. One-class SVM and k-Nearest Neighbour unsupervised learning models show small potential when being tested on the IEC 104 unseen dataset with Area Under the Curve score 0.64 and 0.59, in the same order; and Matthews Correlation Coefficient value 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. The experimental results suggest little feasibility of the evaluated unsupervised learning approaches for anomaly detection in IEC 104 communication and recommend coupling it with other anomaly detection techniques. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 2. |
- Anwar, Mahwish
(författare)
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Connect2SmallPorts: An EU Project on Digitalizing Small Ports of the South Baltic Region. Poster ID: P20-20620
- 2020
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ports play pivotal role in the global supply chain network. To strengthen the ports’ business and to keep up with the overall economic development of the country, the port stakeholders have started to invest in the digital technologies. The ports as well as the individual municipalities in Europe are in contest with other ports within the region. One of the competing factors is that of the port’s technological development. Unlike large ports, the small ports within Europe, for example Port of Karlskrona, Port of Wismar or Port of Klaipeda, which also serve as crucial nodes within the trade flow for Sweden, Germany and Lithuania respectively, lack the knowledge and tools to leverage the potential of digital technologies. The digital disruption at ports is inevitable!With that being established the scope of the project - South Baltic Small Ports as Gateways towards Integrated Sustainable European Transport System and Blue Growth by Smart Connectivity Solutions – or Connect2SmallPorts project is to understand how to facilitate small and medium ports of the South Baltic region with the digital technologies - Blockchain and Internet of Things. During the project lifetime (2018 to 2021) the main goals are to perform the digital audit of small ports of the South Baltic region; to prepare an implementation strategy for Blockchain and Internet of Things specifically for the small ports in the South Baltic region and to conduct an evaluation of the proposed strategies. The project correspondingly aims to disseminate the knowledge and experiences through research publications, industrial conferences and international tradeshows.
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| 3. |
- Anwar, Mahwish
(författare)
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Connect2smallports Project: South Baltic Small Ports – Gateway to Integratedand Sustainable European Transport System : Project brief and updates on the project activities: Digital Audit. Blockchain Design Strategy. Call for Collaboration. Reports and scientific publications.
- 2019
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Annan publikation (mjukvara/multimedium) (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ports play pivotal role in the global supply chain network. To strengthen the ports’ business and to keep up with the overall economic development of the country, the port stakeholders have started to invest in the digital technologies. The ports as well as the individual municipalities in Europe are in contest with other ports within the region. One of the competing factors is that of the port’s technological development. Unlike large ports, the small ports within Europe, for example Port of Karlskrona, Port of Wismar or Port of Klaipeda, which also serve as crucial nodes within the trade flow for Sweden, Germany and Lithuania respectively, lack the knowledge and tools to leverage the potential of digital technologies. The digital disruption at ports is inevitable!With that being established the scope of the project - South Baltic Small Ports as Gateways towards Integrated Sustainable European Transport System and Blue Growth by Smart Connectivity Solutions – or Connect2SmallPorts project is to understand how to facilitate small and medium ports of the South Baltic region with the digital technologies - Blockchain and Internet of Things. During the project lifetime (2018 to 2021) the main goals are to perform the digital audit of small ports of the South Baltic region; to prepare an implementation strategy for Blockchain and Internet of Things specifically for the small ports in the South Baltic region and to conduct an evaluation of the proposed strategies. The project correspondingly aims to disseminate the knowledge and experiences through research publications, industrial conferences and international tradeshows.
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| 4. |
- Anwar, Mahwish, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalization in Container Terminal Logistics : A Literature Review
- 2019
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Ingår i: 27<sup>th</sup> Annual Conference of International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME). ; , s. 1-25
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many terminals that are located in large ports, such as Port of Rotterdam, Port of Singapore, Port of Hamburg, etc. employ various emerging digital technologies to handle container and information. Some technologies deemed attractive by large ports are: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT). The objective of this paper is to review the “state-of-the-art” of scientific literature on digital technologies that facilitate operations management for container terminal logistics. The studies are synthesized in form of a classification matrix and analysis performed. The primary studies consisted of 57 papers, out of the initial pool of over 2100 findings. Over 94% of the publications identified focused on AI; while 29% exploited IoT and Cloud Computing technologies combined. The research on Blockchain within the context of container terminal was nonexistent. Majority of the publications utilized numerical experiments and simulation for validation. A large amount of the scientific literature was dedicated to resource management and scheduling of intra-logistic equipment/vessels or berth or container storage in the yard. Results drawn from the literature survey indicate that various research gaps exist. A discussion and an analysis of review is presented, which could be of benefit for stakeholders of small-medium sized container terminals.
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| 5. |
- Anwar, Mahwish, et al.
(författare)
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Improving anomaly detection in SCADA network communication with attribute extension
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy Informatics. - : Springer. - 2520-8942. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Network anomaly detection for critical infrastructure supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems is the first line of defense against cyber-attacks. Often hybrid methods, such as machine learning with signature-based intrusion detection methods, are employed to improve the detection results. Here an attempt is made to enhance the support vector-based outlier detection method by leveraging behavioural attribute extension of the network nodes. The network nodes are modeled as graph vertices to construct related attributes that enhance network characterisation and potentially improve unsupervised anomaly detection ability for SCADA network. IEC 104 SCADA protocol communication data with good domain fidelity is utilised for empirical testing. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves significant improvements over the baseline approach (average F1F1 score increased from 0.6 to 0.9, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) from 0.3 to 0.8). The achieved outcome also surpasses the unsupervised scores of related literature. For critical networks, the identification of attacks is indispensable. The result shows an insignificant missed-alert rate (0.3%0.3% on average), the lowest among related works. The gathered results show that the proposed approach can expose rouge SCADA nodes reasonably and assist in further pruning the identified unusual instances.
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| 6. |
- Anwar, Mahwish, et al.
(författare)
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The feasibility of Blockchain solutions in the maritime industry
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose / ValueThe concept of Blockchain technology in supply chain management is well discussed, yetinadequately theorized in terms of its applicability, especially within the maritime industry,which forms a fundamental node of the entire supply chain network. More so, the assumptivegrounds associated with the technology have not been openly articulated, leading to unclearideas about its applicability.Design/methodology/approachThe research is designed divided into two Stages. This paper (Stage one) enhancedliterature review for data collection in order to gauge the properties of the Blockchaintechnology, and to understand and map those characteristics with the Bill of Ladingprocess within maritime industry. In Stage two an online questionnaire is conducted toassess the feasibility of Blockchain technology for different maritime use-cases.FindingsThe research that was collected and analysed partly from deliverable in theConnect2SmallPort Project and from other literature suggests that Blockchain can be anenabler for improving maritime supply chain. The use-case presented in this paper highlightsthe practicality of the technology. It was identified that Blockchain possess characteristicssuitable to mitigate the risks and issues pertaining to the paper-based Bill of Lading process.Research limitationsThe study would mature further after the execution of the Stage Two. By the end of bothStages, a framework for Blockchain adoption with a focus on the maritime industry wouldbe proposed.Practical implicationsThe proposed outcome indicated the practicality of technology, which could be beneficialfor the port stakeholders that wish to use Blockchain in processing Bill of Lading orcontracts.Social implicationsThe study may influence the decision makers to consider the benefits of using the Blockchaintechnology, thereby, creating opportunities for the maritime industry to leverage thetechnology with government’s support.
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| 7. |
- Henesey, Lawrence, et al.
(författare)
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A multi-agent system with blockchain for container stacking and dispatching
- 2019
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Ingår i: 21st International Conference on Harbor, Maritime and Multimodal Logistics Modeling and Simulation, HMS 2019. - : Dime University of Genoa. - 9788885741287 ; , s. 79-87
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Port Logistical Supply chains play a very important role in society. Their complex and adaptive behaviours promote the suggested applications of combining a multiagent system with blockchain for solving complex problems. Several technologies have been proven positively to work in logistics, however the concept of combining converging technologies such as blockchain with deep reinforcement multi agent is viewed as a novel approach to solving the complexity that is associated with many facets of logistics. A simulator was developed and tested for the problem of container stacking. The simulation results indicate a more robust approach to currently used tools and methods. © Harbor, Maritime and Multimodal Logistics Modeling and Simulation, HMS 2019.All Rights Reserved.
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