| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Apicella, Coren L, et al.
(författare)
-
Salivary testosterone change following monetary wins and losses predicts future financial risk-taking
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4530. ; 39:1, s. 58-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While baseline testosterone has recently been implicated in risk-taking in men, less is known about the effects of changing levels of testosterone on financial risk. Here we attempt to influence testosterone in men by having them win or lose money in a chance-based competition against another male opponent. We employ two treatments where we vary the amount of money at stake so that we can directly compare winners to losers who earn the same amount, thereby abstracting from income effects. We find that men who experience a greater increase in bioactive testosterone take on more risk, an association that remains when controlling for whether the participant won the competition. In fact, whether subjects won the competition did not predict future risk. These results suggest that testosterone change, and thus individual differences in testosterone reactivity, rather than the act of winning or losing, influence financial risk-taking. © 2013.
|
|
| 3. |
- Apicella, Coren L, et al.
(författare)
-
Sex Differences in Competitiveness: Hunter-Gatherer Women and Girls Compete Less in Gender-Neutral and Male-Centric Tasks
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology. - : Springer (part of Springer Nature): Springer Open Choice Hybrid Journals. - 2198-7335 .- 2198-7335. ; 1:3, s. 247-269
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite numerous attempts to increase workplace equality, the near universal gender wage gap and underrepresentation of women in high status jobs persists in societies around the world. This persistence has led some researchers to speculate that psychological sex differences may be partly to blame. In particular, economists have begun to focus on sex differences in competitiveness as a possible cause. Here we test whether sex differences in competitiveness exist in a relatively isolated and evolutionarily relevant population of hunter-gatherers in Tanzania. In study 1 we examine sex differences in willingness to compete in a gender-neutral task in Hadza adults and children (N = 191). We find that when choosing between an individualistic payment scheme and a competitive payment scheme, boys and men are significantly more likely to compete than girls and women. We find no evidence that this sex difference varies with age. In study 2 (N = 88 and N = 70) we use both a female-centric and a male-centric task to explore sex differences in competitiveness in adults. While we find no sex difference in willingness to compete in the female-centric task, we find that men are more likely to compete in the male-centric task. While further work is needed, this study lends some support to the idea of a sex difference in willingness to compete among hunter-gatherers, but it also highlights the importance of the task type. The observation that a sizable proportion of male Hadza choose to compete in each of the tasks is discussed in light of the fact that hunter-gatherers are largely egalitarian and non-hierarchical.
|
|
| 4. |
- Apicella, Coren L, et al.
(författare)
-
Testosterone and Economic Risk Taking: A Review
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology. - : Springer (part of Springer Nature): Springer Open Choice Hybrid Journals. - 2198-7335 .- 2198-7335. ; 1:3, s. 358-385
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since precise forecasting of the future is not possible, most of life’s decisions are made with uncertain outcomes. One important facet of uncertainty that is of particular interest to decision scientists is risk—the choice between an option that is less rewarding but more certain and an option that is less certain, but potentially more rewarding. Recent developments in both neuroscience and behavioral endocrinology have helped to reveal the biological mechanisms that support decision-making involving economic risk, and consequently, potential factors associated with individual differences in risk taking. This review is dedicated to surveying recent developments that link the hormone testosterone to economic risk taking. Like neuroeconomics, endocrinological approaches may provide a potentially powerful framework from which to understand decision-making and may help to make sense of a number of well-documented behavioral anomalies involving economic risk. Specifically, we suggest that testosterone functions to modulate risky behaviors in ways that appear to be adaptive. Still, more work is needed to understand the nature of the relationship between testosterone and risk in both sexes.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Campbell, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
-
The 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D(4) gene (DRD4) is associated with financial risk taking in men
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Evolution and Human Behavior. - : Elsevier. - 1090-5138. ; 30:2, s. 85-92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals exhibit substantial heterogeneity in financial risk aversion. Recent work on twins demonstrated that some variation is influenced by individual heritable differences. Despite this, there has been no study investigating possible genetic loci associated with financial risk taking in healthy individuals. Here, we examined whether there is an association between financial risk preferences, elicited experimentally in a game with real monetary payoffs, and the presence of the 7-repeat allele (7R+) in the dopamine receptor D(4) gene as well as the presence of the Al allele (Al+) in the dopamine receptor D(2) gene in 94 young men. Although we found no association between the Al allele and risk preferences, we did find that 7R+ men are significantly more risk loving than 7R- men. This polymorphism accounts for roughly 20% of the heritable variation in financial risk taking. We suggest that selection for the 7R allele may be for a behavioral phenotype associated with risk taking. This is consistent with previous evolutionary explanations suggesting that selection for this allele was for behaviors associated with migration and male competition, both of which entail an element of risk. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 8. |
- Dreber Almenberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Ancestry and allelic variation of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. - : Oxford University Press. - 1749-5016 .- 1749-5024. ; 5:2-3, s. 194-202
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 7 repeat (7R) allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene has been associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk taking. On the cross-population scale, 7R allele frequencies have been shown to be higher in populations with more of a history of long-term migrations. It has also been shown that the 7R allele is associated with individuals having multiple ancestries. Here, we conduct a replication of this latter finding with two independent samples. Measures of subjects’ ancestry are used to examine past reproductive bonds. The individuals’ history of interracial/ancestral dating and their feelings about this are also assessed. Tentative support for an association between multiple ancestries and the 7R allele was found. These results are dependent upon the method of questioning subjects about their ancestries, with only finer-scale measures of ancestry being associated with 7R. Interracial dating and feelings about interracial pairing were not related to the presence of the 7R allele. This study provides continued support for a role for the 7R allele in migration and/or mate choice patterns. However, replications and extensions of this study are needed and the way ancestry/race is assessed must be carefully considered.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Dreber Almenberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Androgens and competitiveness in men
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics. - : American Psychological Association. - 1937-321X .- 2151-318X. ; 4:1, s. 54-62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we investigate the association between a number of hormonal variables (circulating testosterone, facial masculinity, 2D:4D digit ratio, and cortisol) and competitiveness in a sample of 93 men aged 18–23. Competitiveness is measured by self-selection into a competitive setting versus a piece-rate scheme. We find no robust correlations between any of the hormonal variables and competiveness, though there are some suggestive patterns in the data which merit further exploration. (APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
|
|
