| 1. |
- Anikin, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
-
Human Non-linguistic Vocal Repertoire : Call Types and Their Meaning
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3653 .- 0191-5886. ; 42:1, s. 53-80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research on human nonverbal vocalizations has led to considerable progress in our understanding of vocal communication of emotion. However, in contrast to studies of animal vocalizations, this research has focused mainly on the emotional interpretation of such signals. The repertoire of human nonverbal vocalizations as acoustic types, and the mapping between acoustic and emotional categories, thus remain underexplored. In a cross-linguistic naming task (Experiment 1), verbal categorization of 132 authentic (non-acted) human vocalizations by English-, Swedish- and Russian-speaking participants revealed the same major acoustic types: laugh, cry, scream, moan, and possibly roar and sigh. The association between call type and perceived emotion was systematic but non-redundant: listeners associated every call type with a limited, but in some cases relatively wide, range of emotions. The speed and consistency of naming the call type predicted the speed and consistency of inferring the caller's emotion, suggesting that acoustic and emotional categorizations are closely related. However, participants preferred to name the call type before naming the emotion. Furthermore, nonverbal categorization of the same stimuli in a triad classification task (Experiment 2) was more compatible with classification by call type than by emotion, indicating the former's greater perceptual salience. These results suggest that acoustic categorization may precede attribution of emotion, highlighting the need to distinguish between the overt form of nonverbal signals and their interpretation by the perceiver. Both within- and between-call acoustic variation can then be modeled explicitly, bringing research on human nonverbal vocalizations more in line with the work on animal communication.
|
|
| 2. |
- Arnling Bååth, Jenny, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
Biochemical and structural features of diverse bacterial glucuronoyl esterases facilitating recalcitrant biomass conversion
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Biotechnology for Biofuels. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1754-6834 .- 1754-6834. ; 11:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Lignocellulose is highly recalcitrant to enzymatic deconstruction, where the recalcitrance primarily results from chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates. Glucuronoyl esterases (GEs) from carbohydrate esterase family 15 (CE15) have been suggested to play key roles in reducing lignocellulose recalcitrance by cleaving covalent ester bonds found between lignin and glucuronoxylan. However, only a limited number of GEs have been biochemically characterized and structurally determined to date, limiting our understanding of these enzymes and their potential exploration. Results Ten CE15 enzymes from three bacterial species, sharing as little as 20% sequence identity, were characterized on a range of model substrates; two protein structures were solved, and insights into their regulation and biological roles were gained through gene expression analysis and enzymatic assays on complex biomass. Several enzymes with higher catalytic efficiencies on a wider range of model substrates than previously characterized fungal GEs were identified. Similarities and differences regarding substrate specificity between the investigated GEs were observed and putatively linked to their positioning in the CE15 phylogenetic tree. The bacterial GEs were able to utilize substrates lacking 4-OH methyl substitutions, known to be important for fungal enzymes. In addition, certain bacterial GEs were able to efficiently cleave esters of galacturonate, a functionality not previously described within the family. The two solved structures revealed similar overall folds to known structures, but also indicated active site regions allowing for more promiscuous substrate specificities. The gene expression analysis demonstrated that bacterial GE-encoding genes were differentially expressed as response to different carbon sources. Further, improved enzymatic saccharification of milled corn cob by a commercial lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail when supplemented with GEs showcased their synergistic potential with other enzyme types on native biomass. Conclusions Bacterial GEs exhibit much larger diversity than fungal counterparts. In this study, we significantly expanded the existing knowledge on CE15 with the in-depth characterization of ten bacterial GEs broadly spanning the phylogenetic tree, and also presented two novel enzyme structures. Variations in transcriptional responses of CE15-encoding genes under different growth conditions suggest nonredundant functions for enzymes found in species with multiple CE15 genes and further illuminate the importance of GEs in native lignin–carbohydrate disassembly.
|
|
| 3. |
- ARNLING BÅÅTH, RASMUS
(författare)
-
Subjective rhythmization : A replication and an assessment of two theoretical explanations
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Music Perception. - 0730-7829. ; 33:2, s. 244-254
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subjective rhythmization is that phenomenon whereby, when one is listening to a monotone metronome sequence, some sounds are experienced as accented. These subjectively accented sounds group the sequence similarly to how the metrical structure of a piece of music groups the beats. Subjective rhythmization was first investigated by Bolton (1894); the present study aims at replicating and extending that work. Consistent with Bolton's results, all participants reported hearing accent patterns when listening to monotone sequences; the reported group size of an accent pattern was highly dependent on the tempo of the sequence. A power relation captured well the relation between the reported group size and the sequence interstimulus interval. Further, the mean group size reported in the subjective rhythmization task was found to correlate with the timing performance in a slowtempo tapping task. These results are consistent with the resonance theory explanation of subjective rhythmization (Large, 2008).
|
|
| 4. |
- Arnling Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
-
The role of executive control in rhythmic timing at different tempi
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1069-9384 .- 1531-5320. ; 23:6, s. 1954-1960
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the role of attention and executive control in rhythmic timing, using a dual-task paradigm. The main task was a finger tapping task in which participants were asked to tap their index finger in time with metronome sequences. The tempo of the sequences ranged from 600 ms to 3000 ms between each beat. The distractor task, chosen so as to engage executive control processes, was a novel covert n-back task. When the tempo was slow, simultaneous performance of the tapping and n-back tasks resulted in significant performance degradation in both tasks. There was also some dual-task interference at the fast tempo levels, however, the magnitude of the interference was much smaller in comparison. The results suggests that, when the tempo is sufficiently slow, performing rhythmic timing demands attentional resources and executive control. This accords with models of time perception that assume that different timing mechanisms are recruited at different time scales. It also accords with models that assume a dedicated mechanism for rhythm perception and where rhythm perception is assumed to have a slower limit.
|
|
| 5. |
- Mazurkewich, Scott, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Biochemical and structural investigation of the CE15 family: Glucuronoyl esterases acting on recalcitrant biomass
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Glucuronoyl esterases (GEs) are a relatively new class of enzymes which cleave ester linkages between lignin and glucuronoxylan. GEs have been identified in many biomass-degrading microbes and are now classified into the Carbohydrate Esterase Family 15 (CE15). The CE15 family is diverse (as low as 20% sequence identity), however to-date only a few GEs from a small clade of the CE15 phylogenetic tree have been biochemically characterized and only two protein structures have been solved. To investigate the diversity of CE15 members, we have studied a broad range of proteins from across the phylogenetic tree. Enzymes were biochemically characterized and three-dimensional structures for two of the enzymes were solved. Analysis of the structures suggest possible binding sites for lignin fragments and xylooligosaccharides that have not been previously reported. Investigations into the molecular determinants supporting the potential binding sites is being pursued.
|
|
| 6. |
- Williams, Matt N., et al.
(författare)
-
Using Bayes Factors to Test Hypotheses in Developmental Research
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Research in Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1542-7609 .- 1542-7617. ; 14:4, s. 321-337
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses the concept of Bayes factors as inferential tools that can serve as an alternative to null hypothesis significance testing in the day-to-day work of developmental researchers. A Bayes factor indicates the degree to which data observed should increase (or decrease) the credibility of one hypothesis in comparison to another. Bayes factor analyses can be used to compare many types of models but are particularly helpful when comparing a point null hypothesis to a directional or nondirectional alternative hypothesis. A key advantage of this approach is that a Bayes factor analysis makes it clear when a set of observed data is more consistent with the null hypothesis than the alternative. Bayes factor alternatives to common tests used by developmental psychologists are available in easy-to-use software. However, we note that analysis using Bayes factors is a less general approach than Bayesian estimation/modeling, and is not the right tool for every research question.
|
|
