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- Arvidsson-Lenner, R, et al.
(författare)
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Glycaemic index
- 2004
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976. ; 48:2, s. 84-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The glycaemic index (GI) concept is based on the difference in blood glucose response after ingestion of the same amount of carbohydrates from different foods, and possible implications of these differences for health, performance and well-being. GI is defined as the incremental blood glucose area (0-2 h) following ingestion of 50 g of available carbohydrates in the test product as a percentage of the corresponding area following an equivalent amount of carbohydrate from a reference product. A high GI is generally accompanied by a high insulin response. The glycaemic load (GL) is the GI×the amount (g) of carbohydrate in the food/100. Many factors affect the GI of foods, and GI values in published tables are indicative only, and cannot be applied directly to individual foods. Properly determined GI values for individual foods have been used successfully to predict the glycaemic response of a meal, while table values have not. An internationally recognised method for GI determination is available, and work is in progress to improve inter- and intra-laboratory performance. Some epidemiological studies and intervention studies indicate that low GI diets may favourably influence the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease, although further well-controlled studies are needed for more definite conclusions. Low GI diets have been demonstrated to improve the blood glucose control, LDL-cholesterol and a risk factor for thrombosis in intervention studies with diabetes patients, but the effect in free-living conditions remains to be shown. The impact of GI in weight reduction and maintenance as well as exercise performance also needs further investigation. The GI concept should be applied only to foods providing at least 15 g and preferably 20 g of available carbohydrates per normal serving, and comparisons should be kept within the same food group. For healthy people, the significance of GI is still unclear and general labelling is therefore not recommended. If introduced, labelling should be product-specific and considered on a case-by-case basis.
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- Axelsen, Mette, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Lipid intolerance in smokers
- 1995
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Ingår i: J Intern Med. - 0954-6820. ; 237:5, s. 449-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES. Smokers have recently been shown to be insulin resistant and to exhibit several characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). In this study, we assessed fasting and postprandial lipid levels in healthy, normolipidaemic, chronic smokers and a matched group of non-smoking individuals. DESIGN. A standardized mixed meal (containing 3.78 MJ and 51 g of fat) was given in the morning after an overnight fast. The smokers were either abstinent from tobacco for 48 h or were allowed to smoke freely, including being allowed to smoke six cigarettes during the study. SUBJECTS. Twenty-two middle-aged, healthy male subjects, nine habitual smokers and 13 non-smoking control subjects, were recruited to the study. The smokers had all been smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least 10 years. RESULTS. The smokers exhibited a lipid intolerance in that their postprandial increase in triglyceride levels was more than 50% higher than in the non-smokers' group. This lipid intolerance could not be discerned in the postabsorptive state because the fasting triglyceride levels were the same in both groups, while the smokers had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The peak postprandial triglyceride level correlated closely and negatively with fasting HDL cholesterol, indicating an impaired lipolytic removal capacity in smokers. CONCLUSIONS. Healthy, normotriglyceridaemic smokers exhibit an abnormal postprandial lipid metabolism consistent with lipid intolerance. It is suggested that postprandial hyperlipidaemia is a characteristic trait of the insulin resistance syndrome and that the defect in lipid removal is related to the low HDL cholesterol in this syndrome. The insulin resistance syndrome is likely to be an important reason for the increased propensity for cardiovascular disease in smokers.
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- Axelsen, Mette, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Suppression of nocturnal fatty acid concentrations by bedtime carbohydrate supplement in type 2 diabetes: effects on insulin sensitivity, lipids, and glycemic control.
- 2000
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Ingår i: The American journal of clinical nutrition. - 0002-9165. ; 71:5, s. 1108-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Bedtime ingestion of slow-release carbohydrates leads to sustained nocturnal fatty acid suppression and improved glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of 2 different doses of bedtime carbohydrate supplement (BCS) on morning glycemic control and glycated hemoglobin (Hb A(1c)) in type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, the effects of the high-dose BCS on insulin sensitivity and postprandial glucose and triacylglycerol concentrations were assessed. DESIGN: Two BCS doses were studied separately in 7-wk randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies with either a parallel (low-dose BCS; n = 24 patients) or crossover (high-dose BCS; n = 14 patients) design. The effects of the low and high doses (0.30 and 0.55 g uncooked cornstarch/kg body wt, respectively) were compared with those of a starch-free placebo. RESULTS: Compared with the starch-free placebo, the high-dose BCS ( approximately 45 g) produced enhanced nocturnal glucose (P < 0.01) and insulin (P < 0.01) concentrations as well as a 32% suppression of fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.01). Moreover, glucose tolerance (P < 0.05) and C-peptide response (P < 0.05) improved after breakfast the next morning. The low-dose BCS ( approximately 25 g) improved fasting blood glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). However, there were no improvements in insulin sensitivity, postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations, or Hb A(1c) after 7 wk. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal fatty acid suppression by BCS improved fasting and postprandial blood glucose concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients the next morning. In contrast, no improvements in insulin sensitivity, postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations, or long-term glycemic control assessed by Hb A(1c) were seen after BCS supplementation.
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- Brekke, Hilde Kristin, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Lifestyle modification improves risk factors in type 2 diabetes relatives.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Diabetes research and clinical practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8227. ; 68:1, s. 18-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To investigate the short-term (16 weeks) effect of lifestyle intervention on insulin sensitivity, anthropometric and metabolic variables in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients (FDR). METHODS: Seventy-seven (49 male, 28 female) FDR were allocated to one of three groups, diet (D-group; n = 25), diet and exercise (DE-group; n = 30) or control group (C-group; n = 22). Lifestyle counselling was based on current nutrition recommendations, including increased intake of fatty fish and low glycaemic index foods. Group counselling was given on two occasions with follow-up through telephone interviews every 10 days. Assessments included insulin sensitivity index (Si), anthropometry, lipid parameters, circulating leptin and adiponectin levels. RESULTS: The D-group reduced total cholesterol (-0.31 mmol/l, P = 0.024), LDL cholesterol (-0.22 mmol/l, P = 0.021) and apolipoprotein B (-9.5 mg/dl, P = 0.009) levels, whereas the DE-group decreased body weight (-2.1%, P = 0.030) and waist circumference (-3.0 cm, P < 0.001) versus controls. A 13% reduction in fasting insulin was observed in the DE-group, but no significant improvement in Si in D-group or DE-group was observed. A subgroup, adherent to diet and who increased exercise, significantly improved Si and lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS: The improved metabolic risk profile in FDR suggests that lifestyle changes can be effective in individuals at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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- Garemo, Malin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Food choice, socio-economic characteristics and health in 4-year olds in a well-educated urban Swedish community
- 2007
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Ingår i: Clin Nutr. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-5614. ; 26:1, s. 133-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dietary habits founded early in life might influence development of welfare diseases. The aim was to analyse food choice, socio-economic characteristics and health by questionnaires in healthy 4-year olds. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty children were invited and 79% completed all questionnaires. Anthropometry was measured in 131 subjects. RESULTS: The sample was characteristic for Swedish children except that more parents had university education. Most children attended pre-school; 52% >30 h/week. Almost all had been breast-fed until a mean age of 5 months. Fifteen per cent were overweight and 2% obese according to the IOTF cut-offs. A, D vitamin supplementation was not given to a third. Full fat dairy products, minced meat and sausages predominated, and only a fourth was served fat fish. Olive or rape seed oil was consumed regularly by 40% and a third consumed "junk food" regularly. Maternal immigrant status influenced the food choice. CONCLUSION: In a Swedish urban community of 4-year olds, 17% were overweight or obese. The intake of vegetables, oils and "junk food" seemed to have increased, while the intake of dairy products, fruit, meat and fish seemed to be similar to earlier studies. Food choice was influenced by maternal origin.
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