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- Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha, 1950-
(författare)
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Fish bile in environmental analysis
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work explores the usefulness of fish bile analysis in combination with biomarkers for identifying and evaluating new environmental contaminants in the aquatic environment. It illustrates how bile analysis can be used together with biomarkers to assess the causes of estrogenic effects, to identify chemicals in the aquatic environment that are taken up by fish, and to monitor environmental exposure.In a first application, fish exposed to sewage treatment plant effluent were studied. Elevated levels of vitellogenin in the exposed fish demonstrated that estrogenic effects occurred. Several estrogen disrupting substances were identified in the fish bile, and analysis of water samples confirmed that these substances were present in the effluent. The synthetic estrogen 17a-ethinylestradiol, which is known to be present in sewage treatment plant effluent, was shown for the first time to be taken up by fish. Considering the reported potencies of the detected substances, it was concluded that 17a-ethinylestradiol was the major contributor to the estrogenic effects.Chemical analysis of bile was used to identify rubber additives that were released from tires immersed in water. The bile of rainbow trout held in the water contained high levels of metabolites of PAHs and aromatic nitrogen compounds. Several biomarkers were also measured in the exposed fish, and EROD induction and oxidative stress were observed. Based on the bile analysis observations together with knowledge of toxicological mechanisms, it was postulated that the EROD induction was due to the PAHs, while aromatic nitrogen compounds caused the oxidative stress.Resin acids in fish bile proved to be a good indicator of exposure in a chronic long-term study of rainbow trout exposed to effluent from a total chlorine free (TCF) pulp mill. Elevated levels of GST (gluthatione-S-transferase) and GR (gluthatione reductase) activity, and the presence of DNA adducts after a two month recovery period, indicated that compounds in the pulp mill effluents have persistent effects. In addition to characterising the exposure of the fish to the effluent, the analysis of the resin acids in the bile provided evidence of accidents in the pulp mill that the existing process monitoring system had not detected.Resin acids in bile were also found to be a valuable indicator of exposure to pulp mill effluents for eelpout living in the Baltic Sea. A correlation between resin acid levels in bile and skewed sex ratios provided an important link in the chain of evidence that substances in the pulp mill effluents cause male bias of the eelpout embryos.A particularly good example of the potential of bile analysis was the identification of a previously unknown environmental contaminant. A large peak was observed in the bile extracts of fish that had been exposed to sewage treatment plant effluent. This peak was identified as triclosan, which demonstrated its presence in sewage treatment plant effluent. Other work went on to show that it is a common contaminant of the aquatic environment. The ability of fish to concentrate contaminant metabolites in bile to levels very much higher than in the environment, and the comparatively low levels of analytic interferences, make bile a particularly attractive matrix to search for new, unknown organic pollutants
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| 2. |
- Asplund, Annika, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Hypoxic regulation of secreted proteoglycans in macrophages.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2423 .- 0959-6658. ; 20:1, s. 33-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macrophages are prominent in hypoxic areas of atherosclerotic lesions, and their secreted proteoglycans (PG), such as versican, can modulate the retention of lipoproteins and the activity of enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors involved in atherogenesis. In this study, we report the effects of hypoxia on PG secreted by human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and the potential regulation by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha). We found that versican co-localized with HIF-1alpha in macrophage-rich areas in human advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Versican and perlecan mRNA expression increased after exposure to 0.5% O(2) (hypoxia) compared with 21% O(2) (control cells). Using precursors to GAG biosynthesis combined with immunoabsorption with a versican antibody an increased versican synthesis was detected at hypoxia. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in THP-1 cells showed that the hypoxic induction of versican and perlecan mRNA expression involved HIF signaling. Versican expression was co-regulated by HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha but expression of perlecan was influenced only by HIF-1alpha and not by HIF-2alpha knockdown. The results show that oxygen concentration is an important modulator of PG expression in macrophages. This may be a novel component of the complex role of macrophages in atherosclerosis.
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| 5. |
- Asplund, Lillemor, et al.
(författare)
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Screening av Tetrabrombisfenol A
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tetrabrombisfenol A (TBBPA), CAS nr 79-94-7, är ett flamskyddsmedel med stor användning. Till största delen används det som reaktivt flamskyddsmedel, dvs. TBBPA binds in kemiskt i polymera material. Allt binds dock inte in utan en mindre del kan läcka ut från den flamskyddade produkten (Sellström och Jansson, 1995). En viss användning av TBBPA som additivt flamskyddsmedel förekommer också (KemI, 2000). TBBPA är det flamskyddsmedel som omsätts mest i Sverige, 2001 omsattes 203 ton vilket kan jämföras med 58 ton för hexabromcyklododekan (HBCD). Användningen av HBCD ökade medan användningen av TBBPA minskade enligt KEMI (KemI, 2003, 4/03 ). TBBPA används främst vid tillverkning av flamskyddad epoxy- och polykarbonatplast men även i omättad polyester (WHO/IPCS, 1995). Epoxyplast som flamskyddats med TBBPA används huvudsakligen i kretskort. TBBPA används också i plastinkapslingar av elektroniska komponenter, i kåpor och i höljen till elektrisk utrustning.
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| 6. |
- Asplund, Lillemor, et al.
(författare)
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Studie av Okta- Nona- DekaBDE inom den marina miljöövervakningen
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med undersökningen har varit att undersöka förekomst av högbromerade difenyletrari sill, musslor och sillgrissleägg från Östersjön och sill och musslor från västerhavet.Orsak till valet av ämne: Polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) används som flamskyddsmedel. Polybromerade difenyletrar utgör huvudkomponenter i tre tekniska produkter med mellan 4 och 10 bromatomer per molekyl: pentaBDE (som främst innehåller tetra- penta- och hexaBDE), oktaBDE (främst hexa-, hepta- och oktaBDE) och decaBDE (innehåller förutom decaBDE även små mängder okta- och nonaBDE). Vid bromering av difenyletrar kan teoretiskt 209 olika föreningar bildas (sk. kongener). Dessa numreras efter ökande bromeringsgrad. Till de lågbromerade hör: BDE47 BDE99, BDE100, BDE153 och BDE154 och till de högbromerade räknas oktaBDE: BDE-196, BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-205 och nonaBDE: BDE-206, BDE-207 och dekaBDE: BDE-209. Under de senaste årtiondena har det skett en förskjutning i tillvekning och användning av BDE mot högrebromerad BDE. Allmänt är PBDE strukturellt lik PCB och befaras därför ha liknande skadeeffekter. PBDE har också visat sig inverka negativt på motorik, beteende och inlärning hos möss och råttor efter exponering i tidiga livsstadier (Viberg et al., 2007). Lågbromerad PBDE (BDE47 BDE99, BDE100, BDE153 och BDE154) analyseras årligen (sedan 2000) inom det marina miljöövervakningsprogrammet, däremot analyseras inte högbromerad PBDE, vilket är bakgrunden till den aktuella undersökningen. Ämnets användning:Flamskyddsmedel används för att förhindra uppkomst av brand. Polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) används som additiva flamskyddsmedel i bl.a. plast, textilier och elektronik och har visat sig vara allmänt spridda i miljön. Det finns ingen tillverkning av PBDE i Sverige och all användning av penta- och oktaprodukten är förbjudna inom EU, sedan 2004, men importeras fortfarande i varor. När det gäller decaBDE infördes i Sverige, restriktioner för användning i textiler, möbler och kablar 2007, men decaBDE får fortfarande andvändas i elektronik. Huvudsakliga källor och typ av spridning: Källorna är huvudsakligen produkter och varor. PBDE sprids till största delen genom diffus spridning. Undersökningens huvudsakliga syfte: Syftet med undersökningen har varit att undersöka förekomst av högbromerade difenyletrar i sill, musslor och sillgrissleägg från Östersjön och sill och musslor från västerhavet.
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| 9. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2004
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated bythe Environmental Protection Agency in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to serve as reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance levelof 5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable4material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor, liver somatic index (LSI) andfat content are monitored at all sites. At some few sites, integrated monitoring with fishphysiology and population are running in co-operation with the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 20 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high quality, long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at thebeginning of each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower leftcorner.
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| 10. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2006
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated by theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to supply reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance level of5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable5material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor (CF), liver somatic index(LSI) and fat content are monitored at all sites. At a few sites, integrated monitoring withfish physiology and population are running in co-operation with the University ofGothenburg and the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 25 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high qualityand long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at the beginningof each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower left corner.
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