| 1. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(författare)
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Surplus forest biomass - The cost of utilisation through optimised logistics and fuel upgrading in northern Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to achieve a net zero emission economy by 2045, Sweden’s inland biomass resources are under examination. Large amounts of forest biomass in the north of the country are not utilised. In this study, resource mapping of surplus forest biomass, (logging residues, tree stumps and mill by-products) is carried out according to ecological harvesting restrictions to determine the annual potential of this resource. Using a network of terminals, optimised supply chains are used to determine the cost of feedstock supply and upgrading of biomass to value-added torrefied pellets. The results indicate that the total biomass surplus is 5.75 Mt (dry mass), representing a forested procurement area half the size of Sweden (224 500 km2). The surplus represents two per cent of Sweden’s annual energy consumption and 60 % of its coal and coke use. Aggregation of the existing terminal network results in 274 to 1611 kt of biomass (dry mass) supplied to ten terminals. Supply and upgrading costs at the terminals reflect a trade-off between the size of procurement area and the scale of upgrading; a large plant capacity corresponds to a low upgrading cost but a large supply cost and vice versa. The lowest supply cost is 79 € t−1 (dry mass) of feedstock and the upgrading capacity ranges from 86 to 1310 kt (dry mass). Utilisation of the surplus would require an effective energy cost range of 27–37 € MWh−1 exclusive of delivery cost to the end user and operational profits – corresponding to a minimum torrefied pellet price of 131 € t−1. Though much higher than other solid fuels, the energy price is comparable to that of natural gas. The results of this study have importance for legislation supporting EU and Swedish energy policy objectives.
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| 2. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(författare)
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The CO2 cutting cost of biogas from humanure and livestock manure
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainable energy technologies and assessments. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-1388 .- 2213-1396. ; 53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Union is accelerating its rollout of sustainable energy production and promotion of a circular economy. Electricity from biogas has synergy with energy-policy and rural-development goals yet its economic value is often convoluted. This study assessed the economic potential of biogas electricity using a representative rural case and quantified the cost and level of state support required for viability. The cost of CO2-equivalent emission reductions was determined using the recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The results showed that a feed-in tariff of 0.33 € kWh−1 for green electricity was required for economic feasibility. This yielded a CO2 cutting cost of 251 € t−1. The methane energy potential was 78 467 kWh a−1 from 31 498 kg (dry mass) of substrates, 80% livestock manure and humanure and 20% plant-based. Circular use of the digestate from anaerobic digestion, enabled a nitrogen recovery potential of 1 575 kg a−1. The conclusions reached are that the economic value of the avoided emissions, through the RED II framework, is significant but it does not substantially improve the cost-effectiveness of biogas as an emission-mitigation technology. For biogas plant capacities less than 500 kW, current EU feed-in tariffs do not support economic viability.
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| 3. |
- Athanassiadis, Dimitris
(författare)
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A GIS methodology for optimal location of a wood-fired power plant: Quantification of available woodfuel, supply chain costs and GHG emissions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 157, s. 201-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to establish a Geographical Information System (GIS) based methodology to analyze the viability and optimal location of a new hypothetical wood-fired power plant in a specific region. The available woodfuel of Eucalyptus globulus suitable for energy use was calculated based on a WISDOM database (Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping) which takes into account physical and legal accessibility of the resource. Available woodfuel is defined as the material remaining on the ground (crown and bark) after harvesting Eucalyptus stems, discounting the volume required to meet the current energy demand.Various spatial analyses were performed using ArcGIS 10.2.1, particularly the Network Analyst tool, to identify the optimized location of the new power plant. Then, considering the most common biomass harvesting system in a specified region, the costs and GHG emissions of the supply chain for this demand point were calculated. Total costs were calculated using machine productivity data and minimized distance calculation and GHG emissions by the amount of CO(2)e emitted, based on the Life Cycle Analysis methodology using productivity and fuel consumption data. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to test the influence of moisture content and transport distances on the total cost and the GHG emissions.The results show that bundling was the highest cost (63.67% of total costs), followed by trucking (26.80%) and forwarding (9.53%). The GHG emissions for the whole system were 9.17 Kg CO(2)e/MWh, with the trucking being the greatest contributor, and bundling the second. The energy balance ratio (energy required as a percentage of energy produced by the system) was slightly over 2%, demonstrating high efficiency.The methodology presented here will help policy makers to evaluate possible locations for any future wood-fired power plants in terms of the lowest economic costs of supplying woodfuel and its environmental impact. This study extends on the scope of prior research, providing a realistic and detailed methodology for planning and logistics decision making in relation to the dynamization and sustain ability of woodfuel for energy use. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Athanassiadis, Dimitris, et al.
(författare)
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Framgångsfaktorer för större skogsbränsleterminaler
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Terminaler används inom skogsbränslehanteringen för att jämna ut säsongsvariationer i efterfrågan och för att fungera som säkerhet i ett system med många osäkra faktorer. De kan också ge möjlighet till effektivare sönderdelning och transport. De senaste åren har terminaler för skogsbränslehantering blivit en viktig del i verksamheten för många skogsföretag med flera nyetableringar som följd. Med allt fler stora kunder på marknaden efterfrågas kostnadseffektivare logistiklösningar för järnvägstransporter och terminalhantering. Det finns betydande skillnader i transportkostnad beroende på förädlingsgraden på det skogsbränsle som transporteras, vilket kan motivera hantering över terminal. Målet med studien är att beskriva förutsättningarna för en lyckad terminalsatsning utifrån de skogsägande företagen, de fristående logistikföretagen och energiföretagens perspektiv, samt att peka ut möjliga områden för nyetableringar. En litteraturstudie kring terminaler, etableringar och tredjepartslösningar genomfördes för att placera projektets frågeställningar i ett sammanhang. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes sedan med representanter för aktörsgrupperna; logistikföretag, skogsföretag/skogsägarföreningar och energiföretag. Gruppen som består av både skogsföretag och skogsägarföreningar benämns fortsättningsvis endast som skogsföretag. De tre viktigaste faktorerna som lyftes fram i intervjuerna var läget, anslutningar till järnväg, större vägar o.s.v. att foga över och behålla kompetent terminalpersonal samt att erbjuda inmätningsmöjligheter av leveranser och förråd. De fristående terminalföretagen lyfter även kundorientering och flexibilitet högt. Skogsföretagen nämner ordningen på terminalen som en viktig faktor för att driften ska bli effektiv. Att själva lastningen och lossningen till tåg är beroende av ordningen på terminalen är känt sedan tidigare. Energiföretagen lyfter aspekten med sammanblandning och inlåsning av olika bränslekvaliteter på terminaler. Man påpekar att det är viktigt att hålla isär material med hög fukthalt från material med låg fukthalt av brandtekniska skäl. Den främsta fördel med egenägd terminal, som nämns av alla respondentgrupper, är de konkurrensfördelar som en egen terminal kan medföra. Med öppna terminaler, d.v.s. en terminal som välkomnar alla kunder och normalt drivs av en fristående aktör, är fördelarna ökad kostnadseffektivitet genom exempelvis samordningsvinster, returer och samlastning samt minskad riskexponering för varuägaren då företaget snabbt kan avsluta verksamheten vid ändrade förhållanden.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Athanassiadis, Dimitris, et al.
(författare)
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HARVESTING POTENTIAL AND PROCUREMENT COSTS OF LOGGING RESIDUES IN SWEDEN
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was (i) to provide an estimation of the potential amount of logging residues (branches, tops and stumps with attached root system) that will be produced in Sweden (thinning and regeneration fellings) during the next decade (2010-2019) and (ii) calculate the costs for harvesting the residue, comminute it and bring it to the end user. Depending on the level of ecological, technical and economical restrictions the potential amount of slash (branches, tops and stumps) in regeneration fellings varied from 3.2 to 7.4 Mt OD annually while the potential amount (Mt OD) of stumps varied from 4.2 to 11.7 annually. The corresponding annual figures in thinning for slash and stumps were 1.7 to 3.9 and 1.8 to 5.7 Mt OD annually, respectively. 80% of the potential amount of slash and stumps at level 3 of ecological, technical and economical restrictions in regeneration fellings would be available for 85 EUR/ODT and 110 EUR/ODT, respectively
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Athanassiadis, Dimitris, et al.
(författare)
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Is there enough primary forest fuel available to feed into the existing and planned CHP facilities? The case of Northern Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Publications / FINBIO. - 1239-4874. ; , s. 77-83
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A combined GIS and optimization method was used to calculate logging residue (slash and stumps) flows and expected costs at the heating or combined heat and power plants (CHP) in Northern Sweden for two logging residue supply chains. Regional primary forest energy availability was estimated considering ecological, technical and economical restrictions. Two supply chains were considered: One supply chain was based on truck transport of the fuel to the CHP plants and the other one was based on collecting the fuel to terminals adjacent to railway lines and transporting it by train to plants that are located in Central Sweden. The costs for each supply chain were calculated based on current costs for harvesting, forwarding, chipping/crushing, machine allocation to the harvesting site, road transport, compensation to the land owner and administration. The lowest cost pathway to the plants was selected. The effects of the establishment of the CHP plants on regional development are discussed
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