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- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Conforming to Collective Action: The Impact of Rejection, Personality and Norms on Participation in Protest Activity
- 2018
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Ingår i: Social Psychological Bulletin. - : Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). - 1896-1800 .- 2569-653X. ; 13:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social norms guide humans’ everyday behavior, and previous research has shown that social norms consistently predict some forms of political participation. Failure to conform to norms may lead to deviation and possible rejection, which humans innately seek to avoid since it threatens their need for belongingness. Following an episode of rejection, individuals are therefore likely to become increasingly willing to conform to norms in order to re-establish a position in their social group. In an experiment, we show that 1) individuals conform to a perceived political engagement norm, and that 2) when rejection associations are made salient, they become increasingly willing to conform to a political engagement norm. We also show 3) that this effect is moderated by individual-level need for belongingness, such that rejection primed participants with a high need to belong, showed the highest levels of conformity to the perceived political engagement norm. The results imply that social pressure is a strong motivating factor in political engagement, which is an important result suggesting that basic social affiliation needs may in fact have an impact on politics and political outcomes.
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| 2. |
- Bäck, Emma A., et al.
(författare)
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Hen. Bakgrund, attityder och användande
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- År 2015 infördes det könsneutrala pronomenet hen i Svenska akademins ordlista efter en känslomässig allmän debatt om ordet, dess innebörd och möjliga konsekvenser. Hösten 2015 genomförde vi en större enkätundersökning som besvarades av 1308 personer registrerade i Enkätfabrikens deltagarpanel. Enkäten presenterades som en studie om attityder i aktuella frågor, till exempel attityder till jämställdhet och det svenska språket. Enkäten innehöll frågor om attityder till och användande av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen. Till exempel ställdes frågor om hur ofta och i vilka situationer hen används, och vad deltagaren tycker om ordet. I enkäten fanns också mer generella frågor om jämställdhet och språk.I den här rapporten beskrivs först hur språk och jämställdhet är relaterade till varandra och hur språk antas kunna påverka uppfattningar om kön. Vi beskriver också specifikt hur införandet av hen gick till. Efter det följer resultat från enkäten.Studien är en del av ett större projekt vars huvudsakliga syfte är att studera attityder till och kognitiva effekter av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen. Andra studier i projektet inkluderar experimentella laboratoriestudier med ögonrörelsemätningar, enkät-experiment samt en uppföljande enkät till denna, för att studera förändringar över tid. Projektet är ett samarbete mellan de psykologiska institutionerna vid Stockholms, Lunds och Göteborgs universitet och har sin hemvist vid Stockholms universitet.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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A social safety net? : Rejection sensitivity and political opinion sharing among young people in social media
- 2019
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Ingår i: New Media and Society. - : Sage Publications. - 1461-4448 .- 1461-7315. ; 21:2, s. 298-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One reason why people avoid using social media to express their opinions is to avert social sanctions as proposed by the spiral of silence theory. We here elaborate on individual-level sensitivity to social rejection in relation to voicing political opinions on social media sites. Given the uncertainty about sharing political views in social media, and the fact that social acceptance, or rejection, can be easily communicated through, for instance, likes, or a lack of likes, we argue that rejection sensitive individuals are less likely to share political information in social media. Combining an analysis of unique survey data on psychological characteristics and online political activity with focus group interviews with Swedish youth supports our argument, showing that rejection sensitive individuals are less inclined to engage politically in social media. The results extend on previous research by establishing the role of rejection sensitivity in political engagement in social media.
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| 5. |
- Bäck, Emma A., et al.
(författare)
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The Quest for Significance : Attitude Adaption to a Radical Group Following Social Exclusion
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Developmental Sciences. - : IOS Press. - 2192-001X .- 2191-7485. ; 12:1-2, s. 25-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is a human fundamental to desire to be valued, loved and respected - to be significant. Social exclusion induce significance loss which elicits a 'quest for significance' - the search for opportunities to re-gain significance. The present article establishes this relation in a laboratory experiment (N = 71, mean age = 28, SD = 10.42, 65% women, 35% men), showing that socially excluded individuals who are subsequently included by a radical group, adapt their attitudes in line with this group. We use a modified version of the well-known paradigm 'Cyberball' to elicit the quest for significance. The results show that when experiencing social exclusion, highly rejection sensitive individuals tend to adapt to the radical group's opinions. The results are important, highlighting a mechanism in the radicalization process and the importance of taking social factors into account in this process.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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From I to We : Group Formation and Linguistic Adaption in an Online Xenophobic Forum
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - : Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). - 2195-3325. ; 6:1, s. 76-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much of identity formation processes nowadays takes place online, indicating that intergroup differentiation may be found in online communities. This paper focuses on identity formation processes in an open online xenophobic, anti-immigrant, discussion forum. Open discussion forums provide an excellent opportunity to investigate open interactions that may reveal how identity is formed and how individual users are influenced by other users. Using computational text analysis and Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), our results show that new users change from an individual identification to a group identification over time as indicated by a decrease in the use of “I” and increase in the use of “we”. The analyses also show increased use of “they” indicating intergroup differentiation. Moreover, the linguistic style of new users became more similar to that of the overall forum over time. Further, the emotional content decreased over time. The results indicate that new users on a forum create a collective identity with the other users and adapt to them linguistically.
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| 9. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Gender stereotypes predicts physicians’ estimates of women patients’ ability to work
- 2017
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Ingår i: WORK2017, The 3rd International Interdisciplinary Conference on Research on Work and Working Life. Turku, Finland: 16-18 August.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background Pain is one of the most common sources for absences from work, and more than every fifth person suffers from pain at some point during their lifetime. While both women and men suffer, women are more often prescribed sick leave due to pain and stay on leave for longer period. Different causes have been proposed, such as hormonal levels or stereotypes and biases. This study focus on biases related with gender stereotypes. The female stereotype is associated with sensitivity, household work and family orientation. In contrast, the male stereotype is associated with being a breadwinner, strong and insensitive. In regards of pain and sick listing, stereotypes can influence in two ways. Stereotypes can facilitate sick listing of women because they are associated with the home, whereas the male stereotype is associated with work. Further, the male stereotype of being strong and insensitive may function as a barrier to report pain and sickness. Studies have also shown that when men seek help, the health care system handles them more seriously. Objectives The goal of the present research is to determine if and how patient gender stereotypes affect judgments of future work ability in pain patients. Specifically, we investigated whether domestic roles and credibility of the patient differentially impact judgments of female and male patients. Materials/methods An experimental survey was administered to 134 Swedish medical students (females 44%, males 54%, no information 2%). The participants read a description of pain patient, describing the patient’s trajectory. The patient was referred to as a woman or a man in two different versions of the description, with all else identical. Participants then rated the patient’s perceived work ability, credibility, and amount domestic work performed by the patient. Results The responses were analysed by comparisons of means and regression. We found that judgments of physician students were gender biased. Women and men were perceived to have the same work ability, but men were seen as more credible in assessing their own work ability whereas women were expected to do more domestic work. Moreover, level of domestic work moderated affected perceptions of work ability, such that women who work more at home were considered as having higher work ability than women who did less work at home. This means that women who meet gender stereotypical expectations have higher potentials of going back to work, although work at home could have a negative effect in the rehabilitation process. Conclusions Gender stereotypes influence assessments of work ability in patients. The effects may have relevance for the recovery of the patient, and hence are important both on an individual and socio-economic level.
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| 10. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Group belongingness and collective action: Effects of need to belong and rejection sensitivity on willingness to participate in protest activities
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 56:5, s. 537-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engaging in political protests are becoming increasingly common, and considering the potential, individual, costs and the low probability of affecting the political outcome, it is necessary to understand the motivations behind such actions. The desire to be part of a social group is deeply rooted in human nature, and previous research proposes that the groups one belongs to may influence the decision to engage in protests. We build on this research and suggest that social exclusion, individual fear of exclusion and need to belong interact in explaining who is likely to become engaged. In two studies, one natural experiment and one lab-experiment, we show that social exclusion increase willingness to participate in protests for individuals high in both rejection sensitivity and need to belong. We conclude that contextual factors, such as exclusion or marginalization should be considered in relation to individual level personality factors when explaining who is likely to become engaged in political protests. These results are important since they suggest that some people engage in politics simply due to social reasons and are less ideologically motivated.
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