| 1. |
- Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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How do people aggregate value? An experiment with relative importance of criteria and relative goodness of alternatives as inputs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. - : Wiley. - 1057-9214 .- 1099-1360. ; 29:3-4, s. 259-273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of importance of criteria is used as a central element in several decision making contexts, specifically in value aggregation, e.g. as an input to decision support tools. For example, in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision makers are asked to estimate how much more important one criterion is than another. However, it is not clear how people understand aggregation models based on importance of criteria in decision making situations. The purpose of this descriptive study is to investigate if people find an aggregation model in simple value aggregation tasks which remind of the way AHP elicits the input. Further, the purpose is to investigate if people's tendency to find a model depends on their cognitive abilities. In an exploratory laboratory experiment, participants assessed which of two alternatives is the best, based on information about the importance of two criteria and how good the two alternatives are compared to each other with respect to these criteria. The results confirm that people are willing to use importance of criteria and goodness of alternatives as input in value aggregations and show three main models for aggregation. More participants with higher numeracy applied a clear model compared to those with lower numeracy. None of the identified models was one of AHP's models but one of them reminded of one of the ways input can be aggregated in the AHP. The three models identified in the experiment are based on lexicographic order, multiplication and a combination of multiplication and addition. How the results could be used in a prescriptive context is discussed in the paper.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Hanna, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Anchoring effect in judgments of objective fact and subjective preference
- 2021
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Ingår i: Food Quality and Preference. - : Elsevier. - 0950-3293 .- 1873-6343. ; 88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The way by which various sources of external information interact in their effects on judgment is rarely investigated. Here, we report two experiments that examine how two sources of external information—an anchor (a reference price) and an eco-label—influence judgments of an objective fact (product price) and a subjective preference (willingness-to-pay for the product). Participants’ price judgments were drawn in the direction of the anchor point, whereas the eco-label resulted in higher judgments of objective fact (Experiment 1) but did not influence subjective preference (Experiment 2). Interestingly, the eco-label seemed to strengthen the effect of the high anchor in judgments of objective fact. Further, participants with higher environmental concern answered a higher price on the subjective preference questions when they received a high anchor, as well as a lower price when they received a low anchor in comparison to the low environmental concern group. This study demonstrates that various external information sources can strengthen each other’s effects on consumer belief about products, while the effects are weaker for consumers’ preferences. The implications of the results for decision making are discussed.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Hanna, 1991-
(författare)
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Tradeoffs between self and environment in environmental judgment and decision making
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the greatest challenges of today is to change our behavior to act more pro-environmentally to reduce global warming. We need to make sacrifices for the environment, e.g., use a means of transportation that take a longer time but causes less CO2 emission. The present thesis aims to study different factors (intrinsic, extrinsic motivational, and extrinsic motivational-neutral information) that influence us when making tradeoffs between self and environment. Paper I examined how an anchor (a reference price) and an ecolabel influence price judgments. It was found that both a judgment of an objective fact (product price) and a subjective preference (willingness to pay for the product) were affected by an anchor. An eco-label resulted in higher judgments of objective facts. People with higher environmental concern were more affected by an anchor when stating their willingness to pay than their low concern counterparts. In Paper II and Paper III, an interaction between a high anchor and a normative message that put the emissions into context was found when making a tradeoff between CO2 emissions and travel time for a flight (Paper II) or a car journey (Paper III). People with higher concern for the environment gave a longer travel time when they received a high anchor (Paper II and Paper III) or no anchor (Paper III). Paper IV investigated how a survey measuring environmental concern can be divided to different indices and how they predict answers in a tradeoff task. The result suggests that a two-factor structure divided into ecocentric and anthropocentric concern is a possible alternative and that people scoring higher on any of the environmental concern indices were willing to travel for a longer time. Taken together, the results show that normative messages, anchors, and concern for the environment are factors that can influence and interact when people make tradeoffs between self and environment in environmental judgment and decision making.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Hanna, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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What Influences People’s Tradeoff Decisions Between CO2 Emissions and Travel Time? An Experiment With Anchors and Normative Messages
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the today’s greatest challenges is to adjust our behavior so that we can avoid a major climate disaster. To do so, we must make sacrifices for the sake of the environment. The study reported here investigates how anchors (extrinsic motivational-free information) and normative messages (extrinsic motivational information) influence people’s tradeoffs between travel time and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of car travel and whether any interactions with environmental concern (an intrinsic motivational factor) can be observed. In this study, people received either a CO2, health or no normative message together with either a high anchor, a low anchor, or no anchor. People that received both a high anchor and a CO2 emission normative message were willing to travel for a longer time than those that only received a high anchor. If a low anchor was presented, no differences in willingness to travel for a longer time were found between the three different conditions of normative message groups, i.e., CO2 normative message, health normative message, or no normative message. People with higher concern for the environment were found to be willing to travel for a longer time than those with lower concern for the environment. Further, this effect was strongest when a high anchor was presented. These results suggest that anchors and normative messages are among the many factors that can influence people’s tradeoffs between CO2 emission and travel time, and that various factors may have to be combined to increase their influence over pro-environmental behavior and decisions.
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| 6. |
- Brynte, Lucas, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Rigidity preserving image transformations and equivariance in perspective
- 2023
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Ingår i: Image analysis. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783031314384 - 9783031314377 ; 13886 LNCS, s. 59-76
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We characterize the class of image plane transformations which realize rigid camera motions and call these transformations ‘rigidity preserving’. It turns out that the only rigidity preserving image transformations are homographies corresponding to rotating the camera. In particular, 2D translations of pinhole images are not rigidity preserving. Hence, when using CNNs for 3D inference tasks, it can be beneficial to modify the inductive bias from equivariance w.r.t. translations to equivariance w.r.t. rotational homographies. We investigate how equivariance with respect to rotational homographies can be approximated in CNNs, and test our ideas on 6D object pose estimation. Experimentally, we improve on a competitive baseline.
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| 7. |
- Bökman, C.Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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A Setup for the Coupling of a Thin-Layer Electrochemical Flow Cell to Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
- 2004
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Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. ; 76:7, s. 2017-2024
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel setup for the coupling of commercially available thin-layer cell to electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) which allows the elctrochemical reactions at the counter electrode to be straightforwardly separated from the flow into the mass spectrometer has been developed. In this way interferences from reaction products formed at the counter electrode can be minimized. This reduces the risk of changes in the mass spectra as a result of electrochemical reactions in the solution. The described setup also enables the working electrode to be positioned close to the electrospray (ESI) emitter without the need for a grounding point or a long transfer line between the electrochemical cell and the electrospray emitter. By decoupling the electrochemical reactions in the flow cell and those in the electrospray emitter, improved facilities for studies of electrochemical reactions are obtained through a better control of the potential of the working electrode. The setup has been used to study the oxidation of a drug (Olsalazine), which previously has been found to involve chemical follow-up reactions. It is also demonstrated that uncharged thiols can be detected in ESI-MS after spontaneous adsorption on a gold working electrode, followed by oxidative desorption to yield sulfinates or sulfonates. This adsorption and potential-controlled desorption has been used for the preconcentration of micromolar concentrations of 1-hexanethiol as well as for desalting of solutions containing micromolar concentrations of thiols. The results indicate that the present on-line coupling of an electrochemical cell to ESI-MS provides promising possibilities for sample preconcentration, matrix exchange (including desalting), and ionization of neutral compounds, such as thiols.
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| 8. |
- Bökman, C. Fredrik
(författare)
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Analytical Aspects of Atmospheric Pressure Ionisation in Mass Spectrometry
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The actual signal recorded with an analytical instrument is not always a true reflection of the analysed sample. In this thesis a further insight of the atmospheric pressure ionisation processes electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) has been endeavoured, to provide a deeper understanding of and ways to minimize this bias.A response model for ESI has been modified and used to study the influence of solvent composition on the observed mass spectrometric signal. The response model divides the response into an analyte partitioning coefficient and an instrumental response factor. A number of experimental parameters influencing the response were investigated including spray position relative to the orifice, spray potential, nebulizer and curtain gas flow rates, ionic strength and organic content of the sprayed solution. The history of the generated droplets turned out to be of significant importance to both the partitioning coefficients and the instrumental response factor. Furthermore, it was found that the total ionic strength and not only the electrolyte concentration will influence the instrumental response factor.In addition, based on the importance of hydrophobicity and electrophoretic mobility, a model was proposed for the ion distribution within the electrosprayed droplets.The coupling of an electrochemical (EC) cell to a mass spectrometric (MS) system has been evaluated. The coupling of the EC cell to the MS was made to decouple the cell from the high voltage circuit of the ESI. The feasibility for analyte ionisation, sample pre-concentration and solvent exchange as well as studying redox reaction products was shown.
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