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- Becher, Marina, 1983-
(författare)
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Cryogenic soil processes in a changing climate
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A considerable part of the global pool of terrestrial carbon is stored in high latitude soils. In these soils, repeated cycles of freezing and thawing creates soil motion (cryoturbation) that in combination with other cryogenic disturbance processes may play a profound role in controlling the carbon balance of the arctic soil. Conditions for cryogenic soil processes are predicted to dramatically change in response to the ongoing climate warming, but little is known how these changes may affect the ability of arctic soils to accumulate carbon. In this thesis, I utilize a patterned ground system, referred to as non-sorted circles, as experimental units and quantify how cryogenic soil processes affect plant communities and carbon fluxes in arctic soils. I show that the cryoturbation has been an important mechanism for transporting carbon downwards in the studied soil over the last millennia. Interestingly, burial of organic material by cryoturbation appears to have mainly occurred during bioclimatic events occurring around A.D. 900-1250 and A.D. 1650-1950 as indicated by inferred 14C ages. Using a novel photogrammetric approach, I estimate that about 0.2-0.8 % of the carbon pool is annually subjected to a net downward transport induced by the physical motion of soil. Even though this flux seems small, it suggests that cryoturbation is an important transporter of carbon over centennial and millennial timescales and contributes to translocate organic matter to deeper soil layers where respiration proceeds at slow rates. Cryogenic processes not only affect the trajectories of the soil carbon, but also generate plant community changes in both species composition and abundance, as indicated by a conducted plant survey on non-sorted circles subjected to variable differential frost heave during the winter. Here, disturbance-tolerant plant species, such as Carex capillaris and Tofieldia pusilla, seem to be favoured by disturbance generated by the differential heave. Comparison with findings from a previous plant survey on the site conducted in the 1980s suggest that the warmer temperatures during the last decades have resulted in decreased differential heave in the studied non-sorted circles. I argue that this change in cryogenic activity has increased abundance of plants present in the 1980s. The fact that the activity and function of the non-sorted circles in Abisko are undergoing changes is further supported by their contemporary carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. Here, my measurements of CO2 fluxes suggest that all studied non-sorted circles act as net CO2 sources and thus that the carbon balance of the soils are in a transition state. My results highlight the complex but important relationship between cryogenic soil processes and the carbon balance of arctic soils.
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| 2. |
- Becher, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring soil motion with terrestrial close range photogrammetry in periglacial environments
- 2014
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Ingår i: EUCOP 4. - : University of Lisbon and the University of Évora. ; , s. 351-351
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cryoturbation plays an important role in the carbon cycle as it redistributes carbon deeper down in the soil where the cold temperature prevents microbial decomposition. This contribution is also included in recent models describing the long-term build up of carbon stocks in artic soils. Soil motion rate in cryoturbated soils is sparsely studied. This is because the internal factors maintaining cryoturbation will be affected by any excavation, making it impossible to remove soil samples or install pegs without changing the structure of the soil. So far, mainly the motion of soil surface markers on patterned ground has been used to infer lateral soil motion rates. However, such methods constrain the investigated area to a predetermined distribution of surface markers that may result in a loss of information regarding soil motion in other parts of the patterned ground surface.We present a novel method based on terrestrial close range (<5m) photogrammetry to calculate lateral and vertical soil motion across entire small-scale periglacial features, such as non-sorted circles (frost boils). Images were acquired by a 5-camera calibrated rig from at least 8 directions around a non-sorted circle. During acquisition, the rig was carried by one person in a backpack-like portable camera support system. Natural feature points were detected by SIFT and matched between images using the known epipolar geometry of the calibrated rig. The 3D coordinates of points matched between at least 3 images were calculated to create a point cloud of the surface of interest. The procedure was repeated during two consecutive years to be able to measure any net displacement of soil and calculate rates of soil motion. The technique was also applied to a peat palsa where multiple exposures where acquired of selected areas.The method has the potential to quantify areas of disturbance and estimate lateral and vertical soil motion in non-sorted circles. Furthermore, it should be possible to quantify peat erosion and rates of desiccation crack formations in peat palsas. This tool could provide new information about cryoturbation rates that could improve existing soil carbon models and increase our understanding about how soil carbon stocks will respond to climate change.
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| 3. |
- Becher, Marina, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The use of terrestrial photogrammetry to estimate soil motion rates in non-sorted circles
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Soil motion induced by cryogenic processes is known for creating soil surface structures (patterned ground) and redistributing carbon within Arctic soils. Lateral and vertical soil motion created by cryogenic processes proceeds over annual to millennial time-scales and is difficult to quantify without adopting disruptive soil sampling techniques. In this study, we evaluate the use of terrestrial close range photogrammetry to calculate soil motion rates within a patterned ground system (non-sorted circles). The measured rates of lateral and vertical motion were estimated and used to infer the importance of physical soil transport for the formation of non-sorted circles as well as the trajectories of soil carbon. Soil experiencing significant vertical displacement between years covered approximately 65% of the non-sorted circles and had surface levels fluctuating between 4 and -2.1 cm. Systematic lateral motion of surface stones allowed detection of lateral motion working outwards from the centre towards the sides, at rates ranging between 0.1 and 6.3 cm yr-1. We conclude that terrestrial close range photogrammetry can be used to identify the main soil movements within non-sorted circles and that this transport is an important factor controlling the trajectories of soil carbon over centennial to millennial timescales.
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| 8. |
- Börlin, Niclas, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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3D measurements of buildings and environment for harbor simulators
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Oryx Simulations develops and manufactures real-time physics simulators for training of harbor crane operator in several of the world’s major harbors. Currently, the modelling process is labor-intensive and a faster solution that can produce accurate, textured models of harbor scenes is desired. The accuracy requirements vary across the scene, and in some areas accuracy can be traded for speed. Due to the heavy equipment involved, reliable error estimates are important throughout the scene. This report surveys the scientific literature of 3D reconstruction algorithms from aerial and terrestrial imagery and laser scanner data. Furthermore, available software solutions are evaluated. The conclusion is that the most useful data source is terrestrial images, optionally complemented by terrestrial laser scanning. Although robust, automatic algorithms exist for several low-level subproblems, no automatic high-level 3D modelling algorithm exists that satisfy all the requirements. Instead, the most successful high-level methods are semi-automatic, and their respective success depend on how well user input is incorporated into an efficient workflow. Furthermore, the conclusion is that existing software cannot handle the full suite of varying requirements within the harbor reconstruction problem. Instead we suggest that a 3D reconstruction toolbox is implemented in a high-level language, Matlab. The toolbox should contain state-of-the-art low-level algorithms that can be used as “building blocks” in automatic or semi-automatic higher-level algorithms. All critical algorithms must produce reliable error estimates. The toolbox approach in Matlab will be able to simultaneously support basic research of core algorithms, evaluation of problem-specific high-level algorithms, and production of industry-grade solutions that can be ported to other programming languages and environments.
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| 9. |
- Börlin, Niclas, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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A globally convergent gauss-newton algorithm for the bundle adjustment problem with functional constraints
- 2003
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Ingår i: Optical 3-D measurement techniques. - : Wichmann-Verlag. ; , s. 269-276
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper describes a Gauss-Newton-based algorithm for the bundle adjustment problem with functional constraints (GNC). The GNC algorithm has superior theoretical convergence properties compared to the conventional bundle algorithm. Both algorithms were applied to simulated measurements of a sphere with 2-3 cameras and 4-9 points. For 2 cameras and 4-5 points, the GNC converged in substantially more cases. For the other configurations, the convergence properties were similar. The added cost for the GNC algorithm was less than 0.01 iterations on average. The GNC algorithm need to be evaluated on real-world problems, but the results suggest that the algorithm will be more reliable for minimum data problems and have a minimal overhead for easy problems.
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| 10. |
- Börlin, Niclas, 1968-
(författare)
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Adaptive least squares matching as a non-linear least squares optimization problem
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings SSAB 2002.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Adaptive Least Squares Matching (ALSM) is a powerful technique for precisely locating objects in digital images. The method was introduced to the photogrammetric community by Gruen in 1985 and has since been developed further. The purpose of this paper is to study the basic ALSM formulation from a least squares optimization point of view. It turns out that it is possible to describe the basic algorithm as a variation of the Gauss-Newton method for solving weighted non-linear least squares optimization problems. This opens the possibility of applying optimization theory on the ALSM problem. The line-search algorithm for obtaining global convergence is especially described and illustrated
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