| 1. |
- Backlund, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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A regional method for increased resource-efficiency in industrial energy systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings. - 9789198048254 - 9789198048247
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of global climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), primarily from the use of fossil fuels, is demanding actions from all sectors of society. The industry sector is one of the world’s largest energy using sectors and GHG emitters. Improved energy efficiency in industry is one of the foremost means of improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions. Research shows that despite large untapped potentials for improved energy efficiency in industry, cost-efficient energy efficiency measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency, e.g. information imperfections and asymmetries. Moreover, research shows that a major energy efficiency potential lies in the energy system and the way it is governed. For regional governments, the industrial energy use is difficult to affect as they only have indirect power to influence the decisions in those organizations. This underlies the importance of developing methods on how a region can support and effectively contribute to energy efficiency improvements in the local industry. So far, methods are limited related to regional governance of industrial energy systems. The aim of this paper is to present a structured methodology for improved regional resource efficiency in the local industry from a regional perspective, inspired by the Triple Helix Model. Results display the county administrative board of administration’s current method how to target industry, and ends with a proposal for how the methods could be improved.
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| 2. |
- Backlund, Sandra
(författare)
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Efficient improvement of energy efficiency in small and medium- sized Swedish firms
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a dissertation about efficient implementation of energy efficiency measures in small and medium-sized Swedish firms. The aim is to investigate the potential for economically efficient implementation of energy efficiency improvement measures in small and medium-sized firms. The thesis contains five papers that analyse different aspects that have been put forth in policy documents and academic debate as methods to improve energy efficiency in non-energy intensive sectors.By reading policy documents, interviewing representatives of small and medium- sized firms and energy auditors as well as analysing data from the Swedish energy audit program, different aspects of energy management practices, energy services and energy audits are considered. The thesis is the product of an interdisciplinary context but economic theory is at the foundation of the analysis and has helped formulate questions and hypotheses that have been tested and explored with the data.The results show that while the potential for improving energy efficiency in the small and medium- sized sector in Sweden is large there are challenges to realizing it in each individual firm. There is potential for improving energy efficiency in the sector and not just for investments in new technology but also for adjusting existing machinery and changing behaviour, but costs for investigating the potential and implementing the measures are large relative to the improvement potential in each company. Energy management practices in this sector are lacking and energy services will only be demanded if reduction in production cost is estimated larger than transaction costs of the service. The Swedish energy audit program has led to the implementation of energy efficiency improvements in the participating firms but compared to other policy instruments it has been a less cost-efficient way to improve energy efficiency in Sweden.
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| 3. |
- Backlund, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency potentials and energy management practices in Swedish firms
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to improve energy efficiency and reach the EU:s 20-20-20 primary energy saving target, focus has mainly been on diffusion of technology. Previous studies have illustrated large untapped energy saving potentials from implementing energy management practices in firms. Energy management practices have large effects on energy utilization and also a short pay-back time. According to these studies, energy management practices also effect investment decisions and the outcome of investments in energy efficient technologies. This paper investigates to what extent energy management practices influence firms estimation of energy efficiency potentials. Further it investigates two Swedish policy programs that promote industrial energy management practices: The Programme For improving Energy efficiency in energy-intensive industry (PFE) and the energy audit program and whether these have increased energy management practices in Swedish firms. A multiple case study has been conducted in order to investigate energy practices in firms in different industrial sectors. Employment of energy management varies between firms. The firms estimate equal energy efficiency potentials from implementation of energy efficient technology as for energy management practices. In total the firms estimate energy efficiency potentials of 12 %. The study shows that firms that have participated in the programs work more actively with energy management. This can be illustrated by the fact that 75 % of the firms that have not participated in any of the programs lack a person responsible for energy management and 50 % also lack a long term energy strategy. For firms that have participated in the programs the corresponding figures are 30 % and 33 %. The results indicate an untapped potential of energy efficiency measures that could be reached through increased energy management in Swedish industries.
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| 4. |
- Backlund, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy service collaborations : it is a question of trust
- 2015
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Ingår i: Socio-technical perspectives on sustainable energy systems. - Linköping : Linköping University. - 9789175191041 ; , s. 149-167
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Backlund, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy service collaborations—it is a question of trust
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 6:3, s. 511-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy services have been highlighted both in European Union directives and in academic literature as an important tool to increase energy efficiency. Performance-based energy services, i.e., outsourcing energy management in performance-based remuneration contracts, is said to overcome many of the barriers that have been used to explain the energy efficiency gap. Energy service companies (ESCOs) help organizations to implement energy-efficient solutions in order to reduce energy costs. By combining science and technology studies (STS) analysis and economics in an interview study of firms, the paper contributes insights on the relational nature of energy service collaborations. The objective of the study is to describe how knowledge and incentives affect trust between partners in performance-remunerated energy service collaborations. Performance-based remuneration is one aspect that makes energy service contracts complex. On the one hand, risk is recognized as an important barrier to energy efficiency. Since remuneration to ESCOs is based on energy savings, they also share the financial and technical project risk with their clients. On the other hand, performance-based remuneration can create a lack of trust. Performance is measured in calculations made by the ESCO, calculations that demand expertise that client firms do not possess. ESCOs are consulted for their knowledge on energy efficiency and therefore an imbalance of knowledge is in the nature of energy service collaborations. The paper concludes that if the initial doubt is overcome, long-term collaborations can be advantageous for both parties, since this builds trust and generates long-term profits.
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| 6. |
- Backlund, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Energy services in Swedish industrial firms : A multidisciplinary analysis of an emerging market
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European commission highlight the energy service market as an important means to improve energy efficiency. Both the Energy service directive and the new suggested Energy Efficiency Directive urge member states to facilitate market development for energy services. The industrial sector is estimated to have large energy efficiency potential. The aim of this multidisciplinary report is to investigate the state of the Swedish energy service market 2011, both from the supply side and from the industrial demand side in order to contribute with knowledge to the discussion of energy services as a way to improve industrial energy efficiency. Economic market theory and Socio-technical theory (the theory of economization presented by Caliskan and Callon) is used to analyse different aspects of the emerging market. The results show that the market for industrial energy services in Sweden is more extensive than previous reports have assessed. Our study describes how energy service collaborations can be complex and how calculations and measurements of expected energy savings lead to controversies and power imbalances.
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| 7. |
- Backlund, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Estimations of energy efficiency management potential in small and medium sized firms
- 2014
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy management; information and knowledge gained by continuous work and attention to energy use can help discover inefficiencies, malfunctioning equipment and assess the performance and operation. This paper investigates how small and medium sized firms and energy auditors estimate energy efficiency potentials from energy management measures by studying the firms that have participated in the Swedish energy audit program. The largest potential for energy efficiency improvements in the energy audit reports is found in generic technologies and support processes, i.e. cross cutting technologies mainly in ventilation, space heating and lighting. Out of the suggested measures investments in new technology accounts for 48% of the estimated potential, and adjustments of existing technology for 27%. Behavioural changes in the energy audit reports accounts for a vanishingly small percentage of total suggested energy efficiency measures in the energy audit reports. Firms participating in the study estimate a higher potential for energy efficiency from behavioural changes than the energy auditors, as high as a quarter of the total potential. Implementation rates of suggested measures from the energy audit program rates are higher in the behavioural category. Despite this, the study shows that energy management practices at the firms are lacking. Energy auditors argue that energy management has low priority in firms because firm’s main focus on core business.
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| 8. |
- Backlund, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the Energy efficiency gap
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 51, s. 392-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to reach the EU: s 20–20–20 primary energy savings target, energy efficiency needs to increase. Previous research on energy use and energy efficiency has focused mainly on the diffusion of energy efficient technologies. The discrepancy between optimal and actual implementation of energy efficient technologies has been illustrated in numerous articles and is often referred to as the energy efficiency gap. However, efficient technologies are not the only ways to increase energy efficiency. Empirical studies have found that a cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency is to combine investments in energy-efficient technologies with continuous energy management practices. By including energy management into an estimated energy efficiency potential this paper introduces an extended energy efficiency gap, mainly in manufacturing industries and the commercial sector. The inclusion of energy management components in future energy policy will play an important role if the energy savings targets for 2020, and later 2050, are to be met in the EU.
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| 9. |
- Backlund, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Impact after three years of the Swedish energy audit program
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442. ; 82, s. 54-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish energy audit program is a publicly financed program, mainly targeting small and medium-sized firms to help them finance energy audits. By examining suggested and implemented energy efficiency measures from the energy audits conducted in 241 firms in the program, the aim of this paper is to examine the energy efficiency implementation gap and the cost efficiency of the program.The autis show that the firms’ average annual energy efficiency improvement potential is between 860 and 1270 MWh/year which corresponds to a total energy efficiency improvement potential of between 6,980 -11,130 MWh / firm. The implementation rate of the suggested energy efficiency improvement measures in the SEAP is 53%. The program has resulted in investments in energy efficiency improvements between € 74,100- € 113,000 / firm.
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| 10. |
- Backlund, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Nya finansieringsformer för efterbehandling av förorenad mark : Regeringsuppdrag
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I Sverige finns ett stort antal förorenade områden för vilka det saknas eller riskerar att saknas finansiering för efterbehandling. Det gör att det finns en risk för att takten i efterbehandlingsarbetet inte går tillräckligt fort för att nå det långsiktiga miljökvalitetsmålet om giftfri miljö.Naturvårdsverket redovisar i den här rapporten ett regeringsuppdrag med två olika förslag som ska förbättra förutsättningarna för att det finns tillgängliga medel. Det ena förslaget handlar om att alla verksamhetsutövare som omfattas av förordning (1998:901) om verksamhetsutövares egenkontroll ska göra en så kallad saneringsplan med tidsbestämd planering för sanering av konstaterade föroreningar.Åtgärderna ska vara kostnadsuppskattade. Det andra förslaget är att alla anmälnings- och tillståndspliktiga verksamhetsutövare betalar in avgifter till en statligt administrerad fond. Fonden kan ge bidrag till efterbehandling när det saknas en ansvarig med betalningsförmåga.
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