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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Backman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Functioning and quality of life in transition-aged youth on the autism spectrum – associations with autism symptom severity and mental health problems
- 2023
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Ingår i: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. - 1750-9467 .- 1878-0237. ; 104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research notes difficulties in functioning and low quality of life (QoL) among transition-age youth on the autism spectrum, and poor mental health may contribute to these difficulties. This study examined the role of autism symptom severity and mental health problems on self-reported functioning and QoL in treatment-seeking transition-age autistic youth. The study included 140 autistic youth (16–25 years, M = 20.44 (SD = 2.95); n = 91 females [65%], n = 42 males [30%], n = 7 non-binary [5%]). We assessed functioning using a structured interview and QoL through a self-report questionnaire. Factors potentially associated with functioning and QoL were assessed using standardized self-report questionnaires of autism symptom severity, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and information from medical records. Participants reported functioning on the 90th percentile compared to general population norms, indicating significant disability, and also rated low overall QoL. Regression analysis showed that autism symptom severity and anxiety symptoms, and to some extent gender and having an ADHD diagnosis, explained 46% of the variance in overall functioning. Symptoms of anxiety and depression, and to a lesser extent, active friendship, explained 43% of the variance in QoL. Sampling limitations of the study include the overrepresentation of women and newly diagnosed participants. We highlight that functioning and QoL are multifactorial, necessitating a comprehensive assessment of transition-aged autistic youth, including mental health problems, to plan tangible interventions.
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| 3. |
- Backman, Sarah, 1992-
(författare)
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Conceptualizing cyber crises
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. - : Wiley. - 0966-0879 .- 1468-5973. ; 29:4, s. 429-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite its rising relevance, the cyber crisis is a largely unexplored phenomenon empirically and conceptually. This article suggests that cyber crises can be understood specifically as transboundary crises. Through the comparative analysis of two cases of cyber crises, Estonia 2007 and UK 2017, the study investigates whether the time gap and the difference in cyberattack type between the cases (untargeted ransom-ware vs. targeted DDoS) correlate with variation in transboundary crisis features and crisis management challenges during the performance of central crisis management tasks in the national settings of the cases. The analysis identifies some variation be-tween the cases in terms of transboundary crisis features but finds that the cases entailed similar prominent crisis management challenges during the performance of central crisis management tasks. Implications are discussed in terms of how to advance our understanding of cyber crises and the practical strategic management requirements they entail.
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| 4. |
- Backman, Sarah
(författare)
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Making Sense of Large-scale Cyber Incidents : International Cybersecurity Beyond Theat-based Approaches
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Large-scale cyber incidents have figured prominently in (cyber)securitizing speech acts over the last decade. This thesis demonstrates how conceptualizations of cybersecurity as a public security problem connects to and shapes cybersecurity governance in national and international settings. It also explores how theoretical lenses drawn from the securitization, riskification, crisis and socio-technical systems literatures can improve our understanding of the phenomena of large-scale cyber incidents, and how such incidents are interpreted by key actors. The thesis includes four articles comprising case studies which utilize in-depth interviews, text analysis and discourse analysis. The findings reveal a steady development towards an increasingly threat-based security logic in both national and international cyber policy settings. The case studies also highlight the volatile nature of malware proliferation, the tendency of collateral damage from directed cyberattacks, the transboundary characteristics of large-scale cyber incidents, and the central role of civil contingencies actors and the private sector in cybersecurity governance. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the increasing securitization and militarization of cyberspace. Overall, this thesis contributes to our understanding of how cybersecurity is constructed as a security problem in theory and practice, and employs analytical approaches which facilitate the exploration of international cybersecurity along more than just traditional ‘hard’ security lines.
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| 5. |
- Backman, Sarah, 1992-
(författare)
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Making Sense of Large-scale Cyber Incidents : International Cybersecurity Beyond Threat-based Security Perspectives
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Large-scale cyber incidents have figured prominently in securitizing speech acts over the last decade. This thesis demonstrates how conceptualizations of cybersecurity as a public security problem connects to and shapes cybersecurity governance in national and international settings. It explores how theoretical lenses drawn from the securitization, riskification, crisis and socio-technical systems literatures can improve our understanding of the phenomena of large-scale cyber incidents, and how such incidents are interpreted by key actors. The thesis includes four articles comprising case studies which utilize in-depth interviews, text analysis and discourse analysis. The findings reveal a steady development towards an increasingly threat-based security logic in both national and international cyber policy settings. The case studies also highlight the volatile nature of malware proliferation, the tendency of collateral damage from directed cyberattacks, the transboundary characteristics of large-scale cyber incidents, and the central role of civil contingencies actors and the private sector in cybersecurity governance. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the increasing securitization and militarization of cyberspace. Overall, this thesis contributes to our understanding of how cybersecurity is constructed as a security problem in theory and practice, and it employs analytical approaches which facilitate the exploration of international cybersecurity along more than just traditional ‘hard’ security lines.
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| 6. |
- Backman, Sarah, 1992-
(författare)
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Normal Cyber Accidents
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cyber Policy. - 2373-8871 .- 2373-8898. ; 8:1, s. 114-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several of the most serious cyber incidents affecting critical infrastructure to date have been the result of collateral damage, indirect effects, malware that ‘escaped’ their intended target and/or incontrollable malware proliferation. This tendency has so far been under-explored in the International Relations (IR) literature, and its potential implications largely overlooked. By focusing on the role of socio-technical system dynamics, this article aims to contribute to advancing our understanding of collateral (incidental) damage and unexpected consequences connected to offensive cyber operations. More specifically, it introduces an analytical framework based on Normal Accidents (NA) theory. The framework highlights dynamics which make complex systems more difficult to analyse and more prone to cascading failures. Its application is explored using in-depth interviews and empirical case examples of large-scale cyber incidents. The results highlight the difficulty of achieving controlled and precise effects when disrupting components in complex systems. The article concludes with a discussion on the need for renewed attention to escalatory risks connected to destructive offensive cyber.
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| 7. |
- Backman, Sarah
(författare)
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Risk vs. threat-based cybersecurity : the case of the EU
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0966-2839 .- 1746-1545. ; 32:1, s. 85-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a relatively short time, cybersecurity has risen to become one of the EU's security priorities. While the institutionalisation of EU-level cybersecurity capacities has been substantial since the first EU cybersecurity strategy was published, previous research has also identified resistance from member states to allow the EU to have more control over their cybersecurity activities. Despite a growing literature on EU cybersecurity governance, there are currently extensive gaps in the understanding of this tension. This study suggests that an explanatory factor can be found in the so-far overlooked dynamic of the relative prevalence of risk vs. threat-based security logics in the EU cybersecurity approach. By distinguishing between risk and threat-based logics in the development of the EU cybersecurity discourse over time, this study highlights a shift towards an increasing threat-based security logic in the EU cybersecurity approach. The identified development highlights securitising moves enacting to a larger extent than before objects and subjects of security traditionally associated with national security. The study identifies specific areas of member state contestation accompanying this shift and concludes with a discussion on the findings in relation to the development of the EU as a security actor in the wider international cybersecurity landscape.
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| 8. |
- Backman, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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The European Union's capacities for managing crises
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. - : Wiley. - 0966-0879 .- 1468-5973. ; 26:2, s. 261-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article draws on a comprehensive new data set of crisis management capacities at the European Union level to highlight key patterns in their development and use. Organised within the categories of detection, sense-making, decision-making, coordination, meaning-making, communication, and accountability, the data show considerable accumulation of capacities in detection and sense-making, while decision-making capacities lag behind. We find that most capacities are sector-oriented rather than cross-sectoral, and reside primarily within the European Commission rather than other EU institutions. Comparing the data to previous studies, we note that capacities overall are increasing and some are undergoing evolution; for example, horizon-scanning tools once limited to collecting information have increasingly been given an analytical, information enrichment function akin to sense-making.
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| 9. |
- de Vries, Claire E. E., et al.
(författare)
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Outcomes of the first global multidisciplinary consensus meeting including persons living with obesity to standardize patient-reported outcome measurement in obesity treatment research
- 2022
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Ingår i: Obesity Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1467-7881 .- 1467-789X. ; 23:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quality of life is a key outcome that is not rigorously measured in obesity treatment research due to the lack of standardization of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and PRO measures (PROMs). The S.Q.O.T. initiative was founded to Standardize Quality of life measurement in Obesity Treatment. A first face-to-face, international, multidisciplinary consensus meeting was conducted to identify the key PROs and preferred PROMs for obesity treatment research. It comprised of 35 people living with obesity (PLWO) and healthcare providers (HCPs). Formal presentations, nominal group techniques, and modified Delphi exercises were used to develop consensus-based recommendations. The following eight PROs were considered important: self-esteem, physical health/functioning, mental/psychological health, social health, eating, stigma, body image, and excess skin. Self-esteem was considered the most important PRO, particularly for PLWO, while physical health was perceived to be the most important among HCPs. For each PRO, one or more PROMs were selected, except for stigma. This consensus meeting was a first step toward standardizing PROs (what to measure) and PROMs (how to measure) in obesity treatment research. It provides an overview of the key PROs and a first selection of the PROMs that can be used to evaluate these PROs.
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| 10. |
- Hüpers, Andre, et al.
(författare)
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Release of mineral-bound water prior to subduction tied to shallow seismogenic slip off Sumatra
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 356:6340, s. 841-844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plate-boundary fault rupture during the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman subduction earthquake extended closer to the trench than expected, increasing earthquake and tsunami size. International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 sampled incoming sediments offshore northern Sumatra, revealing recent release of fresh water within the deep sediments. Thermal modeling links this freshening to amorphous silica dehydration driven by rapid burial-induced temperature increases in the past 9 million years. Complete dehydration of silicates is expected before plate subduction, contrasting with prevailing models for subduction seismogenesis calling for fluid production during subduction. Shallow slip offshore Sumatra appears driven by diagenetic strengthening of deeply buried fault-forming sediments, contrasting with weakening proposed for the shallow Tohoku-Oki 2011 rupture, but our results are applicable to other thickly sedimented subduction zones including those with limited earthquake records.
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