| 1. |
- Baker, Susan, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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A policy analysis perspective on ecological restoration
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 18:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a simple stages model of the policy process, we explore the politics of ecological restoration using an array of examples drawn across sector, different size and scale, and from different countries. A policy analysis perspective reveals how, at both the program and project levels, ecological restoration operates within a complex and dynamic interplay between technical decision making, ideologies, and interest politics. Viewed through the stages model, restoration policy involves negotiating nature across stages in the policy making process, including agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. The stages model is a useful heuristic devise; however, this linear model assumes that policy makers approach the issue rationally. In practice, ecological restoration policy takes place in the context of different distributions of power between the various public and private actors involved at the different stages of restoration policy making. This allows us to reiterate the point that ecological restoration is best seen not only as a technical task but as a social and political project.
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| 2. |
- Baker, Susan, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Ecological restoration success : a policy analysis understanding
- 2016
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Ingår i: Restoration Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1061-2971 .- 1526-100X. ; 24:3, s. 284-290
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article discusses how ecological restoration success can be understood and evaluated using a policy analysis lens. First, this article details a conceptual tool that helps to develop a more encompassing set of criteria to assess restoration activities that provide socioeconomic benefits. Second, by broadening the understanding of restoration success and how it can be evaluated, it allows a more critical view of evaluation itself and its uses as a policy tool. A table is presented that can help practitioners reveal preferences and clarify the aims and objectives of particular initiatives. The table also sensitizes practitioners to the complexity of the links between restoration rationales and evaluation criteria, which in turn may open up much needed discussion and dialogue between restoration participants about the underlying values an actor may wish to promote. It heightens awareness of the fact that evaluation methods need to recognize that restoration is driven by multiple rationales often in the same project, both process driven and output oriented, which in turn can change over time. Adding process and output criteria together may also raise issues of priority. Evaluation criteria thus need to be assigned in ways that reflect these multiplicities, while at the same time recognizing that some restoration values might be conflictual and that there may be winners and losers. Furthermore, judgement about "failure" of a project can change as new goals emerge in delivery and implementation. Ecological restoration evaluation should therefore be ongoing, contextual, and not a one-off event.
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| 3. |
- Baker, Susan, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Political science and ecological restoration
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Politics. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0964-4016 .- 1743-8934. ; 23:3, s. 509-524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecological restoration has taken on a new significance in the face of climate change and biodiversity loss. Despite its growing policy salience, however, the social and political sciences have paid limited attention to the study of ecological restoration policy and practice. By drawing upon the political science study of multilevel governance, institutions, power elations, and place-based politics, a flavour is given of what a political science engagement might contribute to the rich tapestry of analysis that has already been produced by other disciplines on ecological restoration. As the use of restoration grows, it is increasingly likely that it will give rise to social dispute and be brought into conflict with a variety of environmental, cultural, economic, and community interests. Restoration policy and projects encounter professional and institutional norms as well as place-specific interests and values. There is urgent need to investigate how and in what ways some interests become winners and others losers in these activities, and how this in turn can influence ecological restoration outcomes. A political science lens could help build new criteria for evaluating the success of ecological restoration, ones that combine both process- and product-driven considerations.
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| 4. |
- Baker, Susan, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of the State in the Governance of Sustainable Development : subnational practices in European states
- 2014
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Ingår i: State and Environment. - Cambridge MA /London : MIT Press. - 9780262525817 - 9780262027120 ; , s. 179-202
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter investigates the role of the state in the governance of sustainable development at the sub-national, regional and local levels in Europe, including 1) the scope of state involvement, 2) the function of the state in sustainable development policy making. The state is shown to be a key player in initiating and co-ordinating the sustainable development planning processes in the four key themes across European states: (1) multi-level governance; (2) networks and public / private partnerships; (3) participation and (4) the use of marked based instruments.The main function of the state in the analyzed policy areas is, on the one hand to act as coordinator between different interests, and on the other to act as stimulator for initiating new policy initiatives. The state both initiates and co-ordinates policy networks and retains a great deal of power over the nature and functioning of network forms of governance. Evidence also points out how the use of new environmental policy tools can strengthen the hand of the state by supporting hierarchical governance. Thus, far from being a simple one, the relationship between market and network governance and the state has been shown to be complex and dense.
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