| 1. |
- Lappalainen, H. K., et al.
(författare)
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Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China - a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 22:7, s. 4413-4469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a "PEEX region". It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land-atmosphere-ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate-Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially "the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change" and the "socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues".
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| 2. |
- Bottomley, D., et al.
(författare)
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Severe accident research in the core degradation area : An example of effective international cooperation between the European Union (EU) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) by the International Science and Technology Center
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nuclear Engineering and Design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0029-5493 .- 1872-759X. ; 252, s. 226-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) was set up in Moscow to support non-proliferation of sensitive knowledge and technologies in biological, chemical and nuclear domains by engaging scientists in peaceful research programmes with a broad international cooperation. The paper has two following objectives: to describe the organization of complex, international, experimental and analytical research of material processes under extreme conditions similar to those of severe accidents in nuclear reactors and, to inform briefly about some results of these studies. The main forms of ISTC activity are Research Projects and Supporting Programs. In the Research Projects informal contact expert groups (CEGs) were set up by ISTC to improve coordination between adjacent projects and to encourage international collaboration. The European Commission was the first to use this. The CEG members - experts from the national institutes and industry - evaluated and managed the projects' scientific results from initial stage of proposal formulation until the final reporting. They were often involved directly in the project's details by joining the Steering Committees of the project. The Contact Expert Group for Severe Accidents and Management (CEG-SAM) is one of these groups, five project groups from this area from the total of 30 funded projects during 10 years of activity are detailed to demonstrate this: (1) QUENCH-VVER from RIAR, Dimitrovgrad and IBRAE, Moscow, and PARAMETER projects (SF1-SF4) from LUCH, Podolsk and IBRAE, Moscow; these concerned a detailed study of bundle quenching from high temperature; (2) Reactor Core Degradation; a modelling project simulating the fuel rod degradation and loss of geometry from IBRAE, Moscow; (3) METCOR projects from NITI, St. Petersburg on the interaction of core melt with reactor vessel steel; (4) INVECOR project, NNE Kurchatov City, Kazakhstan; this is a large-scale facility to examine the vessel steel retention of 60 kg corium during the decay heat; and finally, (5) CORPHAD and PRECOS projects, NITI, St. Petersburg undertook a systematic examination of refractory ceramics relevant to in-vessel and ex-vessel coria, particularly examining poorly characterised, limited data or experimentally difficult systems.
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| 3. |
- Monks, P. S., et al.
(författare)
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Atmospheric composition change : global and regional air quality
- 2009
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 43:33, s. 5268-5350
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems heritage and, climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Kulmala, M., et al.
(författare)
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Introduction : The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) - multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research and capacity-building initiative
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 15:22, s. 13085-13096
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) is a multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research, research infrastructure and capacity-building program. PEEX has originated from a bottom-up approach by the science communities and is aiming at resolving the major uncertainties in Earth system science and global sustainability issues concerning the Arctic and boreal pan-Eurasian regions, as well as China. The vision of PEEX is to solve interlinked, global grand challenges influencing human well-being and societies in northern Eurasia and China. Such challenges include climate change; air quality; biodiversity loss; urbanization; chemicalization; food and freshwater availability; energy production; and use of natural resources by mining, industry, energy production and transport sectors. Our approach is integrative and supra-disciplinary, recognizing the important role of the Arctic and boreal ecosystems in the Earth system. The PEEX vision includes establishing and maintaining long-term, coherent and coordinated research activities as well as continuous, comprehensive research and educational infrastructure and related capacity-building across the PEEX domain. In this paper we present the PEEX structure and summarize its motivation, objectives and future outlook.
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| 5. |
- Baklanov, D. V., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of transendocardial and retrograde coronary venous intramyocardial catheter delivery systems in healthy and infarcted pigs
- 2006
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Ingår i: Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1522-1946 .- 1522-726X. ; 68:3, s. 416-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compared two routes for myocardial delivery of therapeutics, transendocardial (TE) delivery with an intramyocardial injection catheter, and retrograde coronary venous (RCV) delivery with a balloon occlusion catheter in the interventricular vein. Methods: TE and RCV injection of 15 mu m, neutron-activatable microspheres was compared in healthy pigs (Group I, n = 3), pigs with a 1-week-old myocardial infarction (MI; group II, n = 5), and pigs with a 2-weeks-old MI (group III, n = 4). The MI was induced by a 1-hr balloon occlusion in the LAD. Both methods were compared in the same animal using different microspheres. The RCV catheter allowed for continuous measurement of distal pressure and 2.5 x 10(6) microspheres were injected in 10 ml at 300 mmHg above balloon occlusion pressure. The TE injections were targeted to the infarct zone and 2.5 x 10(6) microspheres were distributed over 10 injections of 200 mu l. Results: The retention of microspheres decreased with increase in MI age, but was comparable between devices within the groups. RCV delivery resulted in (14.3 +/- 0.9)% microsphere retention in Group I, (10.3 +/- 0.2)% in Group II, and (6.4 +/- 0.1)% in group III (P less than 0.05 versus group I). Microsphere retention after TE was (15.1 +/- 0.7)% in group I, (18.9 +/- 0.6)% in group II, (4.1 +/- 0.1)% in Group III (P less than 0.05 versus groups I and II). The RCV catheter delivered primarily to midventricular, antero-septal segments, whereas TE targeted apical areas predominantly. Conclusions: Delivery efficacy was comparable between devices in each group however RCV targeted midventricular areas whereas TE targeted apical areas.
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| 6. |
- Mandinov, L., et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of in-stent restenosis by oral copper chelation in porcine coronary arteries
- 2006
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6135 .- 1522-1539. ; 291:6, s. H2692-H2697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress-induced release of IL-1 alpha and fibroblast growth factor-1 is dependent on intracellular copper and is a major driver of neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, we assessed the effect of tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), a clinically proven copper chelator, on in-stent restenosis. Nine pigs were treated with TTM (5 mg/kg po) twice daily for 2 wk before stent implantation and for 4 wk thereafter, and nine pigs served as controls. In-stent restenosis was assessed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and histomorphometry. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was used as a surrogate marker of copper bioavailability. In TTM-treated animals, ceruloplasmin dropped 70 +/- 10% below baseline levels. Baseline characteristics were comparable in TTM-treated and control animals. At 4-wk follow-up, all parameters relevant to in-stent restenosis were significantly reduced in TTM-treated animals: minimal lumen diameter by QCA was 2.03 +/- 0.57 and 1.47 +/- 0.45 mm in TTM-treated and control animals, respectively (P less than 0.05), percent stenosis diameter was 39% less in TTM-treated animals (27.1 +/- 16.6% vs. 44.5 +/- 16.1%, P less than 0.05), minimal lumen area by IVUS was 60% larger in TTM-treated animals (4.27 +/- 1.56 vs. 2.67 +/- 1.19 mm(2), P less than 0.05), and neointimal volume by histomorphometry was 37% less in TTM-treated animals (34.9 +/- 11.5 vs. 55.2 +/- 19.6 mm(3), P less than 0.05). We conclude that systemic copper chelation with a clinically approved chelator significantly inhibits in-stent restenosis.
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| 7. |
- Baklanov, Dmitri V., et al.
(författare)
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Live 3D echo guidance of catheter-based endomyocardial injection
- 2005
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Ingår i: Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1522-1946 .- 1522-726X. ; 65:3, s. 340-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local delivery of therapeutic agents into the myocardium is limited by suboptimal imaging. We evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of live 313 echo to guide left ventricular endomyocardial injection. An intramyocardial injection catheter was positioned in the left ventricle in five healthy Yorkshire pigs using fluoroscopy. All other catheter manipulations were performed with live biplane and 3D echo guidance. In each animal, a total of 12 endomyocardial injections (volume, 50-100 mu l) of echo contrast mixed with blue tissue dye were performed. Four injections, 10 mm apart, were directed to three myocardial target zones: the anterior septum at the mitral valve level (zone 1); the posterolateral wall between the heads of the papillary muscles (zone 2); and the apex (zone 3). The injections were aimed to form a transverse line in zones 1 and 2 and an inverted triangular pyramid in zone 3. The animals were sacrificed, the hearts were inspected and the left ventricular endocardium was examined to create a map of injection marks. Success, defined as a visible injection of tissue dye, was 95%, and accuracy, defined as an injection into the target zone, was 83%. There was no significant difference in accuracy between the zones. Live 3D echo can successfully guide endomyocardial injections by accurately targeting specific myocardial zones, verifying catheter apposition and, when combined with echo contrast, providing real-time visualization of injectate deposition. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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