| 1. |
- Holgersson, Marcus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
The Forces of Ecosystem Evolution
- 2022
-
Ingår i: California Management Review. - : SAGE Publications. - 2162-8564 .- 0008-1256. ; 64:3, s. 5-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecosystems are the result of a delicate balance between centripetal forces that push economic activities toward integration, and centrifugal forces that pull economic activities out onto the market. Ecosystems evolve when these forces change. For example, technological complementarities-the main source of centripetal force-are dynamic and may be commoditized, generalized, or standardized over time. Management and coordination also change: for example, open innovation practices enable firms to move innovation activities from the in-house R&D lab out into the ecosystem. This article discusses how such dynamics in technologies and management lead to ecosystem evolution.
|
|
| 2. |
- Lagerström, Robert, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Methodology for Operationalizing Enterprise IT Architecture and Evaluating its Modifiability
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly. - : Riga Technical University. - 2255-9922. ; 19, s. 75-98
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent contributions to information systems theory suggest that the primary role of a firm’s information technology (IT) architecture is to facilitate, and therefore ensure the continued alignment of a firm’s IT investments with a constantly changing business environment. Despite the advances we lack robust methods with which to operationalize enterprise IT architecture, in a way that allows us to analyze performance, in terms of the ability to adapt and evolve over time. We develop a methodology for analyzing enterprise IT architecture based on “Design Structure Matrices” (DSMs), which capture the coupling between all components in the architecture. Our method addresses the limitations of prior work, in that it i) captures the architecture “in-use” as opposed to high level plans or conceptual models; ii) identifies discrete layers in the architecture associated with different technologies; iii) reveals the “flow of control” within the architecture; and iv) generates measures that can be used to analyze performance. We apply our methodology to a dataset from a large pharmaceutical firm. We show that measures of coupling derived from an IT architecture DSM predict IT modifiability – defined as the cost to change software applications. Specifically, applications that are tightly coupled cost significantly more to change.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lagerström, Robert, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring the Relationship Between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 9th International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems, ESSoS 2017. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319621043 ; , s. 53-69
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Employing software metrics, such as size and complexity, for predicting defects has been given a lot of attention over the years and proven very useful. However, the few studies looking at software architecture and vulnerabilities are limited in scope and findings. We explore the relationship between software vulnerabilities and component metrics (like code churn and cyclomatic complexity), as well as architecture coupling metrics (direct, indirect, and cyclic coupling). Our case is based on the Google Chromium project, an open source project that has not been studied for this topic yet. Our findings show a strong relationship between vulnerabilities and both component level metrics and architecture coupling metrics. 68% of the files associated with a vulnerability are cyclically coupled, compared to 43% of the non-vulnerable files. Our best regression model is a combination of low commenting, high code churn, high direct fan-out within the main cyclic group, and high direct fan-in outside of the main cyclic group.
|
|
| 4. |
- Lagerström, Robert, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Application Architecture : An Exploratory Telecom Case
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS. - : IEEE Computer Society. ; , s. 3847-3856
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We test a method for visualizing and measuring enterprise application architectures. The method was designed and previously used to reveal the hidden internal architectural structure of software applications. The focus of this paper is to test if it can also uncover new facts about the applications and their relationships in an enterprise architecture, i.e., if the method can reveal the hidden external structure between software applications. Our test uses data from a large international telecom company. In total, we analyzed 103 applications and 243 dependencies. Results show that the enterprise application structure can be classified as a core-periphery architecture with a propagation cost of 25%, core size of 34%, and architecture flow through of 64%. These findings suggest that the method could be effective in uncovering the hidden structure of an enterprise application architecture.
|
|
| 5. |
- Lagerström, Robert, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Architecture : An Exploratory BioPharma Case
- 2013
-
Ingår i: The 6<sup>th</sup> IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference on the Practice of Enterprise Modeling (PoEM). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642416408 ; , s. 9-23
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We test a method for visualizing and measuring enterprise application architectures. The method was designed and previously used to reveal the hidden internal architectural structure of software applications. The focus of this paper is to test if it can also uncover new facts about the applications and their relationships in an enterprise architecture, i.e., if the method can reveal the hidden external structure between software applications. Our test uses data from a large international telecom company. In total, we analyzed 103 applications and 243 dependencies. Results show that the enterprise application structure can be classified as a core-periphery architecture with a propagation cost of 25%, core size of 34%, and architecture flow through of 64%. These findings suggest that the method could be effective in uncovering the hidden structure of an enterprise application architecture.
|
|
| 6. |
- Lagerström, Robert, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architecture : A Flexibility Analysis
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 16th International Dependency and Structure Modelling Conference, DSM 2014. - München : Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. ; , s. 65-74
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we test a Design Structure Matrix (DSM) based method for visualizing and measuring software portfolio architectures, and use our measures to predict the costs of architectural change. Our data is drawn from a biopharmaceutical company, comprising 407 architectural components with 1,157 dependencies between them. We show that the architecture of this system can be classified as a "core-periphery" system, meaning it contains a single large dominant cluster of interconnected components (the "Core") representing 32% of the system. We find that the classification of software applications within this architecture, as being either Core or Peripheral, is a significant predictor of the costs of architectural change. In regression tests, we show that this measure has greater predictive power than prior measures of coupling used in the literature.
|
|
| 7. |
- Lagerström, Robert, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architecture : A Power Utility Case
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Modern Project Management. - : Editora Mundos Sociais. - 2317-3963. ; 3:2, s. 114-121
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we test a Design Structure Matrix (DSM) based method for visualizing and measuring software portfolio architectures. Our data is drawn from a power utility company, comprising 192 software applications with 614 dependencies between them. We show that the architecture of this system can be classified as a “core-periphery” system, meaning it contains a single large dominant cluster of interconnected components (the “Core”) representing 40% of the system. The system has a propagation cost of 44% and architecture flow through of 93%. This case and these findings add another piece of the puzzle suggesting that the method could be effective in uncovering the hidden structure in software portfolio architectures.
|
|
| 8. |
- Yakob, Ramsin, 1975-
(författare)
-
The Problem with Errors : Solution Search in Platform Development
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is concerned with problem-solving in platform development. A problem isconceived of as an obstacle that needs to be overcome in order to reach a desired outcome,whereas a solution is denoted by the set of activities required to reach such an outcome. Aplatform is conceived of as the technological foundation made up of a number of elements thatare purposely planned and developed to form a common structure from which a stream ofderivative products can be developed. Problem-solving in platform development is a non-trivialtask since platforms need to cater for both commonality and distinctiveness across a number ofderivative products. Further, several design architectures are intertwined in the development ofplatforms, giving rise to increased complexity. The purpose of this dissertation is to exploreplatform development from a problem-solving perspective, with the purpose of answering whatproblem-solving activities are carried out in platform development processes, how are differentapproaches to the search for solutions related to problem-solving in platform development, andhow can problem-solving in platform development be conceptualized? This dissertation is basedon two empirical studies of platform development processes from the telecommunication andautomotive industry, and draws upon a qualitative research methodology. The result of this studyis an iterative and dynamic model of solution search in problem-solving. This dissertationimplies a distinction between problems and errors in platform development. Solution searchemerge as a matter of choice of whether to engage in problem-solving activities and/or errorcorrection activities during the development of platforms. Solution search also surface as anintermingled process of search for required inputs, outputs, or governing laws (i.e. solutions) forreaching a desired goal. In this process, analytical search, directional search, and synthesizedsearch and the facilitation and management of both feed-back and feedforward is important.
|
|
