| 1. |
- Maróti, Zoltán, et al.
(författare)
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The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 32:13, s. 2858-2870, 2858–2870.e1–e7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians were migration-period nomadic tribal confederations that arrived in three successive waves in the Carpathian Basin between the 5th and 9th centuries. Based on the historical data, each of these groups are thought to have arrived from Asia, although their exact origin and relation to other ancient and modern populations have been debated. Recently, hundreds of ancient genomes were analyzed from Central Asia, Mongolia, and China, from which we aimed to identify putative source populations for the above-mentioned groups. In this study, we have sequenced 9 Hun, 143 Avar, and 113 Hungarian conquest period samples and identified three core populations, representing immigrants from each period with no recent European ancestry. Our results reveal that this “immigrant core” of both Huns and Avars likely originated in present day Mongolia, and their origin can be traced back to Xiongnus (Asian Huns), as suggested by several historians. On the other hand, the “immigrant core” of the conquering Hungarians derived from an earlier admixture of Mansis, early Sarmatians, and descendants of late Xiongnus. We have also shown that a common “proto-Ugric” gene pool appeared in the Bronze Age from the admixture of Mezhovskaya and Nganasan people, supporting genetic and linguistic data. In addition, we detected shared Hun-related ancestry in numerous Avar and Hungarian conquest period genetic outliers, indicating a genetic link between these successive nomadic groups. Aside from the immigrant core groups, we identified that the majority of the individuals from each period were local residents harboring “native European” ancestry.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Arvidsson, Inger, et al.
(författare)
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Discrepancies in pain presentation caused by adverse psychosocial conditions as compared to pain due to high physical workload?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation. - 1875-9270. ; 41, s. 2472-2475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disorders in the musculoskeletal system have been associated with a high physical workload as well as psychosocial and individual factors. It is however not obvious which of these factors that is most important to prevent. Musculoskeletal disorders in neck and upper extremity was assessed by interview and clinical examination in 79 teachers and 93 assisting nurses, all females. Psychosocial work environment was assessed by questionnaire. The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements of postures, movements and muscular load, in 9 teachers and 12 nurses. The physical workload was lower among the teachers, but they had a more demanding psychosocial work environment. Among the nurses, but not in the teachers, the neck-shoulder disorders were associated with a high body mass index (BMI). The teachers reported neck-shoulder complaints to a higher extent than the nurses, but had much lower prevalence of diagnoses in the clinical examination (12% vs. 25%; POR 0.3 CI 0.1 - 1.2; adjusted for age and BMI). The results suggest that adverse psychosocial conditions among the teachers give rise to a different kind of pain in the neck-shoulder region than from physical overload, troublesome but not as severe as the one afflicting the nurses.
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| 4. |
- Arvidsson, Inger, et al.
(författare)
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Rationalization in meat cutting - Consequences on physical workload.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 43:6, s. 1026-1032
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meat cutting is associated with several ergonomic risk factors and a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The development of new production systems points to an increased degree of mechanization; instead of subdividing split carcasses of pigs with a knife, the halves are trisected by an electrical saw into 'sixth-parts', resulting in shorter work cycles for the workers. Recently, machine-directed line-production systems have been implemented. This study evaluates differences in the physical workload between the production systems. The postures and movements (inclinometry and goniometry) and muscular load (electromyography) of workers in the split-carcass- (five subjects), sixth-part- (ten) and line-production systems (five) were recorded. Most measures showed a statistically significant trend of declining physical exposure with increasing degrees of mechanization. For example, movement velocities of the upper arm were higher in the split-carcass system (50th percentile: mean 209°/s) than in the sixth-part (103°/s) and line production (81°/s). However, the latter two were not statistically significantly different. A novel method for quantifying posture variation, based on inclinometry, showed that the split-carcass system implied the highest variation of the upper arm postures "within-minute" (i.e., a high range of motion each minute), but the lowest "between-minute" (i.e., a low variation during the course of the workday). In conclusion, the physical workload in the line-production system was significantly lower than in the split-carcass one, and tended also to be lower than in the sixth-part system. However, there may be disadvantages in line production, such as machine-directed work pace and shorter work cycles.
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| 5. |
- Balogh, Istvan, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Gas6 in Human Platelets and Plasma.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - 1524-4636. ; 25:6, s. 1280-1286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective - Gas6 is a member of the vitamin K-dependent protein family. Gas6- deficient mice were found to be resistant to thrombosis because of defective platelet function. Mouse Gas6 was demonstrated to be present in platelets and found to be involved in platelet aggregation. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Gas6 in human platelets and plasma and determine its role in platelet function. Methods and Results - The presence of Gas6 in human platelets and plasma was analyzed using sensitive immunologic methods. Mass spectrometry and ELISA were used to identify and quantify Gas6 in plasma. Gas6 was demonstrated to be present in human plasma, at a concentration determined to be 13 to 23 ng/mL (0.16 to 0.28 nM). Furthermore, plasma Gas6 levels were found to be lower in patients administered with warfarin. However, Gas6 was undetectable in human platelets. Conclusions - This is the first report to identify and quantify Gas6 in human plasma. However, Gas6 protein was not detected in human platelets, suggesting that any potential platelet-specific function could be because of Gas6 from the circulation. These findings open up new directions regarding the role of Gas6 in normal and pathophysiological situations such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, thrombosis and arteriosclerosis.
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| 6. |
- Balogh, Istvan
(författare)
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Exposure assessment for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of shoulder/neck are a major and increasing problem. Beside the pain, they involve high cost for the employer and society. The total expenditure for the musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limb have been estimated to 0.5-2.0% of the Gross National Product (GNP) in the Nordic countries. Due to the lack of precise knowledge of exposure/response relationship, ergonomic intervention has seldom been successful. Further, the exposure comprises many different aspects to be considered. The present paper shows that the constructed exposure index, based on questionnaire from 14,555 men and women between 45 and 65 years of age in the Malmö Shoulder Neck Study (MSNS) cohort, had good psychometric properties for mechanical exposure. The index comprised 11 items, assessed on a 3-point impact scale. Musculoskeletal problems were reported on a slightly modified version of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. In the one year follow up, the index was a significant predictor of the development of shoulder/neck pain. Exposure to job strain (the combination of high psychological job demand and low job decision latitude) was associated with higher risk only among women. A synergistic interaction was shown between high mechanical exposure and job strain. Cleaners and office workers, two of the largest occupational groups in MSNS, with presumed high and low exposure were selected for study of influence of complaints on the self-assessed exposure. They discriminate well in both self-reported and technical measured mechanical workload. However, musculoskeletal complaints lead to higher assessed loads, in spite of lower objectively measured activities as sitting, walking and heart rate. Field methods for quantification in manual work of physical workloads on the neck and the upper limbs, were further developed. A biaxial flexible electrogoniometer was used to derive measures reflecting both static and dynamic properties of workload. With a sampling frequency of 20 Hz, calculation of movements and repetitiveness can be done with sufficient accuracy in field studies. The main error showed to bee crosstalk between flexion and deviation movements, but the results were not invalidated by that. Relative (RVE) and maximal (MVE) normalization was used to minimize variability in electromyography in a standardized work-task. High interindividual variation was obtained. The variation was smaller, but still high for values normalized to RVE. No relation between shoulder muscle activities (trapezius and infraspinatus) and work pace or disorders was observed. Wrist movements had low variance, and showed a close relation to work pace. In conclusion, the developed index, mainly reflecting postures, is a useful tool for risk assessment, but needs to be supplemented by technical measurements for successful prevention. Measurement might be biased by concurrent complaints.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Balogh, Istvan, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing the Degree of Automation in a Production System: Consequences for the physical workload
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8219 .- 0169-8141. ; 36:4, s. 353 - 365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In spite of the continuous development of production systems work-related musculoskeletal disorders is still a large problem. One reason might be the difficulties in quantifying the ergonomic effects of interventions. In this paper ergonomic consequences of technical and organisational changes were quantified in a plant for producing slats for parquet flooring. Muscle activity, work postures and movements were assessed for neck/shoulders and upper limb by direct technical measurements at three generations of production lines. The physical workload for 31 operators at the manual, semi-automated and automated line was derived based on all existing work tasks. The work was characterised by moderate muscular loads, the 50th percentiles being 1.2-3.8%MVE for the neck/shoulder muscles, high repetitiveness and constant movements of the hands and a high prevalence of neck/shoulder disorders. There were statistically significant differences considering exposure levels between the work tasks within each line as well as between the lines. The semi-automated line implied reduced muscular load for all muscles registered but more constrained work postures. The automated line, on the other hand, required higher skills, offered less constrained postures, lower loads and repetitiveness for the hands as well as frequent changes between different physical load levels. Relevance to industry: When designing or redesigning production systems, technical solutions are often used to obtain 'beneficial' ergonomic conditions, implying a strive for low physical workloads. However, there is a risk that this might lead to more constrained physical activities. Possibilities for job enlargement must be thoroughly utilised. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Balogh, Istvan, et al.
(författare)
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Precision of measurements of physical workload during standardized manual handling part III: Goniometry of the wrists.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5711 .- 1050-6411. ; 19:5, s. 1005-1012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Goniometry of the wrist is a feasible method for studying wrist movements in most hand-intensive work. The precision and accuracy of the method per se is good. For the knowledge on validity of field measurements, the size of imprecision is of importance. This study evaluated this condition during standardized circumstances. Six women performed three different hand-intensive work tasks: 'materials picking', 'light assembly', and 'heavy assembly', repeated during three different days. Variance components between-days (within subjects) and between-subjects were derived for positions (flexion/extension and deviation) and movements, including angular velocities, % of time with very low velocity (<1 degrees /s), as well as repetitiveness. For positions, the average standard deviations in the three tasks were, both between-days and between-subjects, 3-4 degrees . For movements, the coefficients of variation of angular velocities were about 10% between-days, and could to a great part be explained by differences in work rate. Between-subjects variability was higher, 20-40%. The variability was larger at low velocities than at high ones. The precision of the measured positions was good, expressed as small between-days and between-subjects variability. For movements, the between-days variability was also small, while there was a larger between-subjects variability. The imprecision of goniometry is consequently lower and comparable with inclinometry but lower than for EMG.
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