| 1. |
- Gazdagh, Gabriella, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the phenotypes associated with TRIO gene variants in a cohort of 25 patients and review of the literature
- 2023
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Ingår i: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1552-4825 .- 1552-4833. ; 191:7, s. 1722-1740
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The TRIO gene encodes a rho guanine exchange factor, the function of which is to exchange GDP to GTP, and hence to activate Rho GTPases, and has been described to impact neurodevelopment. Specific genotype-to-phenotype correlations have been established previously describing striking differentiating features seen in variants located in specific domains of the TRIO gene that are associated with opposite effects on RAC1 activity. Currently, 32 cases with a TRIO gene alteration have been published in the medical literature. Here, we report an additional 25, previously unreported individuals who possess heterozygous TRIO variants and we review the literature. In addition, functional studies were performed on the c.4394A > G (N1465S) and c.6244-2A > G TRIO variants to provide evidence for their pathogenicity. Variants reported by the current study include missense variants, truncating nonsense variants, and an intragenic deletion. Clinical features were previously described and included developmental delay, learning difficulties, microcephaly, macrocephaly, seizures, behavioral issues (aggression, stereotypies), skeletal problems including short, tapering fingers and scoliosis, dental problems (overcrowding/delayed eruption), and variable facial features. Here, we report clinical features that have not been described previously, including specific structural brain malformations such as abnormalities of the corpus callosum and ventriculomegaly, additional psychological and dental issues along with a more recognizable facial gestalt linked to the specific domains of the TRIO gene and the effect of the variant upon the function of the encoded protein. This current study further strengthens the genotype-to-phenotype correlation that was previously established and extends the range of phenotypes to include structural brain abnormalities, additional skeletal, dental, and psychiatric issues.
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| 2. |
- Rawcliffe, Denise F. R., 1988-
(författare)
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The regulation of incorrect splicing of ISCU in hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Patients suffering from hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis (HML) can be found in the northern Swedish counties of Ångermanland and Västerbotten. HML is a rare autosomal recessive disease where patients display a low tolerance to exercise at an early age. Exercise can trigger symptoms such as palpitations, tachycardia, muscle cramps and dyspnoea. Extensive exercise or strict diets can result in myoglobinuria and life-threatening levels of lactic acid. The disease is caused by a nonsense G > C mutation (c.418 + 328G < C) in the last intron of the iron-sulphur (FeS) cluster assembly gene (ISCU), resulting in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of the transcript due to incorrect splicing. The ISCU protein is involved in the assembly of FeS clusters, which are essential cofactors for a wide range of proteins. Patient muscles display decreased levels of several FeS cluster proteins: mitochondrial aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and Complex I, II (succinate dehydrogenase [SDH]) and III in the electron transport chain (ETC). The incorrect splicing of ISCU occurs to the highest extent in HML patient skeletal muscle, restricting the loss of ISCU protein to muscles, thereby preventing a more severe phenotype.We found that the incorrect splicing occurs to the highest extent in slow-fibre muscle, which may be caused by the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF3) as it is expressed at higher levels in slow-fibre muscle compared to other muscles, and since it is able to activate the incorrect splicing of ISCU. Following muscle, there is a gradual decrease of the incorrect splicing in heart, brain, liver and kidney, which is negatively correlated with the levels of the splicing inhibitor polypyrimidine-tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1). Overexpression of PTBP1 in HML patient myoblasts resulted in a drastic decrease in the incorrect splicing, while a PTBP1 knockdown had the opposite effect. Our results suggest that PTBP1 acts as a dominant inhibitor of the incorrect splicing and is likely the main cause for the tissue-specific splicing of ISCU in HML. We also identified RBM39 and MBNL1 as activators of the incorrect splicing of ISCU, which, together with the low levels of PTBP1, could explain the high levels of incorrect splicing in muscle.Since almost 95% of all human gene transcripts are alternatively spliced, it is not surprising that a wide range of diseases are caused by mutations that affect splicing. Further knowledge of the function of splicing, such as tissue-specific splicing, can provide vital information for the development of therapies for diseases caused by splicing.
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| 3. |
- Thomassen, Mads, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical, splicing, and functional analysis to classify BRCA2 exon 3 variants : Application of a points-based ACMG/AMP approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Human Mutation. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1059-7794 .- 1098-1004. ; 43:12, s. 1921-1944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Skipping of BRCA2 exon 3 (∆E3) is a naturally occurring splicing event, complicating clinical classification of variants that may alter ∆E3 expression. This study used multiple evidence types to assess pathogenicity of 85 variants in/near BRCA2 exon 3. Bioinformatically predicted spliceogenic variants underwent mRNA splicing analysis using minigenes and/or patient samples. ∆E3 was measured using quantitative analysis. A mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) based assay was used to determine the impact of 18 variants on mRNA splicing and protein function. For each variant, population frequency, bioinformatic predictions, clinical data, and existing mRNA splicing and functional results were collated. Variant class was assigned using a gene-specific adaptation of ACMG/AMP guidelines, following a recently proposed points-based system. mRNA and mESC analysis combined identified six variants with transcript and/or functional profiles interpreted as loss of function. Cryptic splice site use for acceptor site variants generated a transcript encoding a shorter protein that retains activity. Overall, 69/85 (81%) variants were classified using the points-based approach. Our analysis shows the value of applying gene-specific ACMG/AMP guidelines using a points-based approach and highlights the consideration of cryptic splice site usage to appropriately assign PVS1 code strength.
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