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- Anderson, Heidi, et al.
(författare)
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(087–090) Proposal to treat the use of a hyphen in the name of a fossil-genus as an orthographical error
- 2015
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Ingår i: Taxon. - : International Association for Plant Taxonomy. - 0040-0262 .- 1996-8175.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose modifications to the Code such that use of a hyphen in the name of a fossil-genus is treated as an error to be corrected by deletion of the hyphen. This will circumvent the need to conserve the numerous de-hyphenated names against unused hyphenated forms. We propose changes to Art. 60 of the Code to allow this correction, and the addition of a phrase in Art. 20 to add clarity to the naming of fossil-genera.
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| 4. |
- Batten, David F., 1947-
(författare)
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Entropy, information theory and spatial input-output analysis
- 1981
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Interindustry transactions recorded at a macro level are simply summations of commodity shipment decisions taken at a micro level. The resulting statistical problem is to obtain minimally biased estimates of commodity flow distributions at the disaggregated level, given various forms of aggregated information. This study demonstrates the application of the entropy-maximizing paradigm in its traditional form, together with recent adaptations emerging from information theory, to the area of spatial and non-spatial input-output analysis. A clear distinction between the behavioural and statistical aspects of entropy modelling is suggested. The discussion of non-spatial input-output analysis emphasizes the rectangular and dynamic extensions of Leontief's original model, and also outlines a scheme for simple aggregation, based on a criterion of minimum loss of information. In the chapters on spatial analysis, three complementary approaches to the estimation of interregional flows are proposed. Since the static formulations cannot provide an accurate picture of the gross interregional flows between any two sectors, Leontief's dynamic framework is adapted to the problem. The study concludes by describing a hierarchical system of models to analyse feasible paths of economic development over space and time.
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| 7. |
- Batten, David F., et al.
(författare)
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Modelling commodity flows on trade networks : Retrospect and prospect
- 1990
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Ingår i: New Frontiers in Regional Science. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. - 0333484495 - 033353106X ; , s. 135-156
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we examine various analytical approaches which are pertinent to an important area of research in which, according to Isard and Dean ([30]), regional scientists ought to be more actively involved. This is the estimation of commodity flow (or trade share) matrices across world trade networks. Although spatial variables such as distance, location and transport cost clearly have a significant impact on the quantity and structure of trade, these effects are often ignored or downplayed by international trade economists. Our task is to redress this imbalance partly by strengthening the case for combined spatial interaction-equilibrium approaches to world trade analysis.
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| 8. |
- Batten, David, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling Commodity Flows on Trade Networks : Retrospect and Prospect
- 1989
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Various approaches to the estimation of commodity flow or trade share matrices across world trade networks are examined. Some serious drawbacks associated with the use of spatial price equilibrium models are identified, and a case is made for combining two or more individual approaches, such as may be found in "dispersed" spatial price equilibrium models or in computable general equilibrium models which cater for spatial heterogeneity. It is found that some variant of the gravity model may be a reliable guide to trade share patterns in the long run, particularly in a world of differentiated products and increasing returns to scale. A conclusive finding is that quite different models ought to be adopted for different commodities (i.e. markets) in the short and medium term perspective.
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