| 1. |
- Abid, Hamza, et al.
(författare)
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Energy storage integration with solar PV for increased electricity access: A case study of Burkina Faso
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 230:120656, s. 120656-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electricity access remains a challenge for the majority of the West African countries, wherein 5 out of 16 have an electrification rate of less than 25%, with Burkina Faso having only 9% of the rural population with electricity access in 2017. This study presents a techno-economic feasibility analysis of solar PV system integration with conceptualized Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) and electric batteries for Burkina Faso. The study explores two cases (a) an off-grid PV with a storage system for rural areas and (b) a grid-connected PV system for an urban location. The least-cost configuration of PV with feasible storage is investigated using HOMER. The results show that Solar PV with PHS remains the optimal system configuration for both rural and urban cases even when the construction costs of lower and upper reservoirs are considered. Battery energy storage systems remain an economically expensive solution even when the added costs of pumped hydro storage are included, owing to the low lifetime and high capital costs of battery storage. The capital cost of PV remains to be the most dominating factor for both cases, signifying the importance of policy interventions for cost reduction of PV for increased green electrification in West African countries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bauner, David, et al.
(författare)
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Evolving Technological Systems for Diesel Engine Emission Control : Balancing GHG and Local Emissions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - New York : Springer. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 11:3, s. 339-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Triad-North America, Japan and Europe-now addresses diesel vehicle emissions by requiring 40-80% reductions from new heavy-duty trucks and passenger car diesels. The requirements imply introduction of new technology and fuels stepwise during 2005-2012 that will leave emissions from new diesel vehicles on par with the levels of gasoline passenger cars. This paper studies the recent development of diesel engine emission control in response to new regulation. The role for Swedish actors, including two of the world's major truck manufacturers, is especially studied. The increasingly global Technological System for diesel engine emission control is compelled to manage further reductions of nitrogen oxides emissions and fuel consumption and CO2, the balance of which has been the subject of several large legal disputes. Swedish OEMs are at present split into two technological sub-trajectories, while the future may be multi-pronged and include new engine types and fuels. Interestingly, similar commercial advantages that were sought by the pioneers introducing advanced feedback loop catalysis in gasoline cars in the 1970s are now sought by some heavy-duty diesel engine manufacturers by conversely avoiding the mainstream-Selective catalytic reduction-solution. Incremental innovation is the new radical.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bauner, David
(författare)
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Global innovation vs. local regulation : introduction of automotive emission control in Sweden and Europe
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management. - 1466-2132 .- 1741-511X. ; 7:1/2, s. 244-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing effects of pollution in larger cities in Europe in the 1960s spurred investigations into the sources of pollution and the means for its reduction. One important source of pollution was found to be the increasing fleet of passenger cars. In difference to a common description like "strict vehicle emission regulations were established in EU and EFTA countries in 1995", this paper shows the mosaic of arguments and technical capabilities resulting in a staged development, in stark contrast to an in theory unanimous desire to reduce air pollution in Europe. It shows that multiple agendas of equal proportion reduction of oil consumption, improving air quality and sustaining regional or national industrial sectors may slow or halt regulations that were successfully introduced elsewhere.
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| 6. |
- Bauner, David
(författare)
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International Private and Public Reinforcing Dependencies for the Innovation of Automotive Emission Control Systems in Japan and USA
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the beginning of the 1970s, the economies of USA and Japan were growing fast. The larger, sprawling cities had suffered from pollution and congestion for some years. A number of distinctive environmental incidents and growing evidence of the negative effects of air pollution caused the respective governments to act in order to limit pollution. As passenger car emissions were found to be significant and rapidly increasing, their reduction was specially targeted. Initial steps had been taken in the 1960s, but air quality problems and increasing vehicle fleets populating the cities called for substantially reduced emissions. Investigations and entrenched political discussions resulted in requirements for the vehicle manufacturers to reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) with 90 % until 1975, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with 90 % by 1976. These requirements were first presented in USA and soon adapted to fit in the Japanese regulatory framework, known in both countries as the "Muskie Act" or "Muskie Law" after the senator who developed the bill passed by US Congress in 1968.
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| 7. |
- Bauner, David
(författare)
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International private and public reinforcing dependencies for the innovation of automotive emission control systems in Japan and USA
- 2011
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 45:5, s. 375-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the beginning of the 1970s, the economies of USA and Japan were growing fast and environmental pollution was increasing to alarming levels. As passenger car emissions were found to be significant and rapidly increasing, their reduction was specially targeted. Following a bill passed by US Congress in 1968, requirements were set in 1970 for the vehicle manufacturers to reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) with 90% by 1975, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with 90% by 1976. These requirements were soon adapted to the Japanese regulatory framework, and were known in both countries as the "Muskie Act" or "Muskie Law" after the senator who developed the original bill. The new requirements spurred tremendous research and development efforts. Car manufacturers and research institutions in USA, Japan and Europe investigated and developed alternative solutions, including gas turbine and steam engine vehicles. California, the USA state with the most severe air quality problems and the only state at the time allowed to establish more strict requirements than federal regulation, established requirements implying the use of oxidation catalysts in 1975 and three-way catalysts (TWC's) in 1977. Japan as a nation adopted similar requirements 1976 and 1978. Export of cars from Japan to USA increased rapidly. The rest of USA adopted emission standards similar to California's only in 1981, timing USA vehicle sales rebound after the energy crisis and grave economic downturn. Strict requirements were thus established only after more than a decade of civic and legal processes between federal authorities, the car manufacturers and NGO's. The history of vehicle development is one of cooperation and competition. This paper argues that the international cooperation on different levels of society (government, industry and science) together with commercial competition between the two countries was strong, continuous and instrumental in enabling the development of technology, appropriate regulation and infrastructural changes and thus created a market for cleaner cars and effectively reduced emissions from the growing vehicle fleet. In other words, the introduction of TWCs was reinforced by the simultaneous development of mitigating technology in two car producing countries competing for market space.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bauner, David, et al.
(författare)
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The Introduction of the Automotive Catalytic Converter in Chile
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - Bath : UNIV BATH, JRNL OF TRANSPORT ECON & POL CLAVERTON DOWN. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 37:2, s. 157-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The regional Special Commission for Decontamination of Chile's capital, Santiago, was formed in 1990. The issue of regulating passenger car emissions was one of the first initiatives on the commission's agenda, empowering a group of consultants and administrators to set up a structure for the transition in legal, economic, and commercial terms. In April 1992 the first car with a catalytic converter was sold as unleaded petrol became available, and from 1 September the same year a decree required every new car in the capital regions to be equipped with a catalytic converter. Chile thus introduced the automotive catalytic converter in little more than a year. It is argued that the critical factors for this process were the effective and efficient adoption and adaptation of foreign technology, policy, and market space, Chile's common understanding of the need to reduce emissions, and prevalent strong economic growth permitting widespread car ownership and renewal.
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