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- Sandblom, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Choosing Risk Acceptance Criteria for Safe Automated Driving
- 2024
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Ingår i: Critical Automotive applications: Robustness & Safety (CARS) Workshop 2024.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is easy to agree that an automated driving system shall be safe, but it is an on-going discussion what safe means. Several Risk Acceptance Criteria (RAC) candidates have been suggested, but a closer analysis indicates that not all of them are related to risk in a traffic safety sense and that perhaps they are better described as properties that an ADS should be designed to exhibit for other reasons.This paper discusses safety aspects of Automated Driving System (ADS) features and the different incentives and arguments that drive the design of an ADS. More precisely, this paper explores different design goals for safe automated driving and puts forward a combination of Risk Acceptance Criteria (RAC) for limiting the risk of harm. These criteria are motivated and contextualized using a simple real-world traffic example. Furthermore, it is also shown why run-time risk transfer is unavoidable in any system that makes tactical decisions under uncertainty and why this motivates avoiding thought-examples such as the trolley problem as basis for ADS design.
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- Braekeveldt, Noémie, et al.
(författare)
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Patient-derived xenograft models reveal intratumor heterogeneity and temporal stability in neuroblastoma
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - 0008-5472. ; 78:20, s. 5958-5969
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and the Avatar, a single PDX mirroring an individual patient, are emerging tools in preclinical cancer research. However, the consequences of intratumor heterogeneity for PDX modeling of biomarkers, target identification, and treatment decisions remain underexplored. In this study, we undertook serial passaging and comprehensive molecular analysis of neuroblastoma orthotopic PDXs, which revealed strong intrinsic genetic, transcriptional, and phenotypic stability for more than 2 years. The PDXs showed preserved neuroblastoma-associated gene signatures that correlated with poor clinical outcome in a large cohort of patients with neuroblastoma. Furthermore, we captured spatial intratumor heterogeneity using ten PDXs from a single high-risk patient tumor. We observed diverse growth rates, transcriptional, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic profiles. PDX-derived transcriptional profiles were associated with diverse clinical characteristics in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. These data suggest that high-risk neuroblastoma contains elements of both temporal stability and spatial intratumor heterogeneity, the latter of which complicates clinical translation of personalized PDX-Avatar studies into preclinical cancer research.
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