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- Bartholdson, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Does paying pay off? : paying for ecosystem services and exploring alternative possibilities
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ongoing degradation of ecosystems threaten future food production and the international community thus urgently has to plan for how to secure fundamental life-support services for the future, so called ecosystem services (ES). Examples of such ES are climate regulation, nutrient cycles, fresh water provision, etc.This report is focused on two distinct strategies to make land users in tropical rainforest areas continue to provide ecosystem services. The first approach, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), is an economic instrument designed at global and national levels. Several PES schemes are currently implemented in a global context where increasing human demands for food, fibre and fuel are accelerating competition for land. The overall aim of the PES projects covered by this report is to lower the emission of green house gas on national and global levels and they are especially directed towards forest areas. The PES projects specify that specific rural groups are paid if they agree to protect, manage or restore the ecosystem service provisioning system within their forest territories. This report highlights that many PES initiatives are being implemented with a ‘conservation perspective’, rather than seeing ecosystem services as integrated with production and livelihoods. There are also alternative strategies to manage ecosystem services. In this report we put an emphasis on an approach where production and conservation are planned for within the same landscape and production systems. Many smallholders already integrate and maintain ecosystem services in their agricultural/forest production systems in a long-term perspective, while producing food, fibre and fuel for the households’ own consumption as well as for sale. In such a system, the local communities are totally dependent on the ecosystem services to re-generate conditions for their agricultural production and/or forest extraction. The focus in such farming-forestry systems, using little or no inputs, which are totally dependent on renewable resources, is on how to increase agricultural/forest production by supporting local ecosystem services, such as soil fertility and structure, pollination, micro climate, biological control of crop pests, etc. The ecosystem services functions, such as carbon sequestration, then emerge as a ‘by-product’ out of these production systems. Increased soil humus in the soil and biomass accumulation are other examples of such ‘by-products’. We want to illustrate potentials and challenges with the aforementioned two approaches to secure ecosystem provisions, and how they are articulated within their specific contexts. This report explores these two approaches by examining case-studies in tropical forest areas in Peru, Brazil, Tanzania and Vietnam, as well as the experiences of EU-designed PES schemes for subsidies/support so as to achieve environmental protection in Sweden.
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| 2. |
- Beckman, Malin
(författare)
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Changing Land Use, Disaster Risk and Adaptive Responses in Upland Communities in Thailand
- 2015
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Ingår i: IDRiM journal. - 2185-8322. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is based on qualitative fieldwork in 4 villages in northern Thailand in 2012-2013. The study focuses on the interaction between socio-economic development and climate related risk. We study local perceptions of the impacts of climate related risks and responses to these risks. The study is guided by the Forensic Investigation of Disasters (FORIN) framework with i) a critical cause analysis to identify dynamic drivers of disaster risk and ii) scenario analysis to identify disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) options. Changes in livelihood strategies have been coinciding with an increase in climate related risk during the past decade, including the increased occurrence of flash floods, landslides and drought, as perceived by interviewees. In common for all villages are that policies of state-managed forest protection leave upland communities with too little land for production and fallows, leading to disaster prone cultivation on marginal lands. We argue that national policies toward upland communities tend to reinforce land use and livelihood strategies that increase disaster risk. There is need for more integrated forms of land use, like agro-forestry, to enable a combined focus on environment- and livelihood objectives in support of climate change adaptation.
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| 4. |
- Beckman, Malin
(författare)
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Converging and conflicting interests in adaptation to environmental change in central Vietnam
- 2011
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Ingår i: Climate and Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1756-5529 .- 1756-5537. ; 3, s. 32-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article is based on qualitative research in the provinces of Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue in central Vietnam during the years 1996-2009, by the author and colleagues at Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry. The focus of the article is on policies that, while increasing resilience at one scale, may cause increased vulnerability at other scales. Policies on forest protection and construction of hydroelectric dams contribute to regulating flooding of the lowland areas. However, the policies also result in severe constraints in access to land and forest products for the mountain population, which has impacts on their capacity to manage risk and adapt to environmental change. Forest resources have previously functioned as an important buffer for mountain households when coping with crises like serious floods. This reduced adaptive capacity may be a critical issue for equity and social sustainability in adaptation.
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| 7. |
- Beckman, Malin
(författare)
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Katastrofrisk och klimatanpassning i Sydostasiens bergsområden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Katastrofriskreducering: perspektiv, praktik, potential.. - 9789144106137 ; , s. 169-189
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studien undersöker hur katastrofrisk samvarierar med förändrad naturresursförvaltning, markanvändning och försörjning i bergsområdena i Thailand och Vietnam. Här har regnen blivit kraftigare och mer oförutsägbara. Flera byar har sedan 2004 utsatts för allvarliga översvämningar, och bybornas sårbarhet vid dessa katastrofer har ökat i takt med ökade investeringar i kommersiella grödor och åtföljande skuldsättning vid skördeförluster. Bergsböndernas begränsade markrättigheter och ländernas skogsskyddspolitik leder till allt större svårigheter att försörja sig. Många bybor ser integrerat jord-skogsbruk som en möjlig anpassningsstrategi för minskad katastrofrisk och mindre sårbarhet – men rådande politik bidrar dessvärre mer till problem än lösningar i detta avseende. Hur kan anpassning till klimatförändringen se ut i dessa bergsområden för att reducera katastrofrisker – och vilka förändringar skulle det innebära i politiken för naturresursförvaltning?
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| 9. |
- Beckman, Malin
(författare)
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Upland development, climate-related risk and institutional conditions for adaptation in Vietnam
- 2016
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Ingår i: Climate and Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1756-5529 .- 1756-5537. ; 8, s. 413-422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper argues that policies towards upland communities in Vietnam tend to reinforce land use strategies that increase vulnerability to climate-related risk and undermine adaptive capacity of upland communities. It is argued that the division of land use between intensive agriculture/tree plantation and protected forest is increasing both livelihood- and environmental risk. Qualitative interviews and group discussion with upland villagers and local government staff in two districts of north and central Vietnam suggest that farmers are facing frequent loss and damage due to floods, storms and drought. Changing production patterns, together with the increase in climate-related hazards and stresses, is changing the character of vulnerability of upland communities. The study primarily explores village-level perspectives regarding impacts of hazards and stresses, ideas of how to reduce risk, along with how related policies and institutions influence local possibilities of risk reduction and adaptation. Our fieldwork results suggest that many villagers and local leaders see adaptation and risk reduction in terms of improved irrigation and in terms of access to land and forests for their livelihoods. The findings support arguments for more integration of agriculture and forestry land use, allowing for more flexibility in the development of upland livelihoods, with the aim of facilitating adaptation to climate change.
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