| 1. |
- Winkler, Thomas, Ph.D., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular processes in an electrochemical clozapine sensor
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biointerphases. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 1934-8630 .- 1559-4106. ; 12:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selectivity presents a crucial challenge in direct electrochemical sensing. One example is schizophrenia treatment monitoring of the redox-active antipsychotic clozapine. To accurately assess efficacy, differentiation from its metabolite norclozapine-similar in structure and redox potentialis critical. Here, the authors leverage biomaterials integration to study, and effect changes in, diffusion and electron transfer kinetics of these compounds. Specifically, the authors employ a catechol-modified chitosan film, which the authors have previously presented as the first electrochemical detection mechanism capable of quantifying clozapine directly in clinical serum. A key finding in our present work is differing dynamics between clozapine and norclozapine once the authors interface the electrodes with chitosan-based biomaterial films. These additional dimensions of redox information can thus enable selective sensing of largely analogous small molecules.
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| 2. |
- Winkler, Thomas, Ph.D., et al.
(författare)
-
The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor
- 2017
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Ingår i: Electrochemistry communications. - : Elsevier. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 79, s. 33-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate gold, TiN, and platinum in combination with a chitosan catechol-based redox-cycling system (RCS) for electrochemical detection of the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated the RCS for detection of clozapine in serum, but challenges remain regarding low signal-to-noise ratios. This can be mitigated by selection of electrode materials with beneficial surface morphologies and/or compositions. We employ cyclic voltammetry to assess the redox current generated by clozapine, and differentiate solely surface area-based effects from clozapine-specific ones using a standard redox couple. We find that nano- and microstructured platinum greatly amplifies the clozapine signal compared to gold (up to 1490-fold for platinum black). However, the material performs poorly in the presence of chloride ions, and RCS modification provides no further amplification. The RCS combined with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) TiN, on the other hand, increases the signal by 7.54 times, versus 2.86 times for RCS on gold, with a 9.2-fold lower variability, indicating that the homogenous and chemically inert properties of ALD-TiN may make it an ideal electrode material.
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