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| 2. |
- Bengtsson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Slåtterängar i Västra Götalands län : Resultat av övervakning 2000-2006
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Följande rapport är en sammanställning av återkommande vegetationsanalysersom genomförts i ett urval av slåtterängar i Västra Götalands län under 2000,2003, 2004, 2005 och 2006. Under 2004-2006 undersöktes 10 fasta objektårligen och ytterligare 20 objekt årligen som slumpvis valdes ut ur befintligdatabas över länets slåttermarker. I varje objekt placerades sedan en kvadratiskprovruta om 10x10 meter ut i ett för ängen "representativt avsnitt". I dennaruta lades sedan 10 mindre provrutor om 1 m2 ut enligt ett på förhand utslumpatmönster. Vegetationen i dessa provrutor dokumenterades sedan med hjälp avart-area analys. I varje provruta om 1 m2 bedömdes också mängden förna i enfyragradig skala efter täckningsgrad.Vid analysen delades de noterade växterna in i de ekologiska grupperingarnapollineringssätt, livsform och växtform. Artnoteringarna behandlades somförekomst/icke förekomst per provruta om 1 m2. Analys av artrikedom gjordesgenom att jämföra medelvärde (antal arter/m2) per provruta för respektiveobjekt. Som jämförelse gjordes även analys av ekologiska grupperingar av dearter som tas upp i Ekstam 1992. Förändringen över tid analyserades med linjärregressionsanalys. Skillnader mellan hävdade och ohävdade ängar analyseradesmed 2-vägs ANOVA, med hävd och fuktighet som faktorer.
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| 3. |
- Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan, et al.
(författare)
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Kombinerade X-bandsanläggningar som väderradar : Jämförelse med etablerade metoder för regnmätning
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this research report, a new methodology has been developed in order to integrate several X-band radar data sets in to one complete set. Furthermore, a direct and an indirect evaluation have been conducted compared to stationary rain gauges and C-band radar. In the indirect analysis, the input data sets were integrated into runoff models for Ellinge and Lundåkra WWTP where the results were compared to measured incoming flow to the sewage plants.
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| 5. |
- Alsved, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Droplet, aerosol and SARS-CoV-2 emissions during singing and talking
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionAs the pandemic continues to spread, more knowledge is needed about the viral transmission routes. Several super spreading events during the Covid-19 pandemic have been linked to singing in choirs and talking loud. However, in the beginning of the pandemic there was only one study about emitted aerosols and droplets from singing, published in 1968, and only a handful on emissions from talking. Therefore, we conducted a study to measure the aerosol and droplet emissions from talking and singing. We also evaluated the emissions from singing when wearing a face mask.We have further developed our setup so that we collect the aerosol particles from Covid-19 infected patients that are talking and singing, and analyze our samples for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19.MethodTwelve healthy singers (7 professionals, 5 amateurs) were included in the first study part on quantifying the amount of emitted aerosols and droplets. The singers were singing or talking a short consonant rich text repeatedly at a constant pitch with their face in the opening of a funnel. The aerosol particle size and concentration was measured from the other end of the funnel using an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS, 3321, TSI Inc). In addition, the amount of un-evaporated droplets were captured with a high-speed camera and quantified using image analysis.During February and March 2021 we will collect aerosol particles from patients with confirmed Covid-19 that are singing and talking into a funnel. We will use a growth tube condensation collector, a BioSpot (Aerosol Devices), operating at 8 L min-1, and a NIOSH BC-251 cyclone sampler operating at 3.5 L min-1 (TISCH Environmental). The BioSpot collects the whole range of exhaled aerosol particles with high (95%) efficiency into liquid, and the NIOSH cyclone sampler collects particles into three size fractions: <1 µm (filter), 1-4 µm (liquid), >4 µm (liquid). The APS is again used to measure size and concentration of the emitted aerosol particles, so that emissions from infected test subjects can be compared with those of the healthy test subjects. Air samples will be analyzed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 genes, and if possible, SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in cell cultures.ResultsAerosol particle emissions from healthy test subjects were significantly higher during normal singing (median 690, range [320–2870] particles/s) than during normal talking (270 [120–1380] particles/s) (Wilcoxon’s signed rank test, p=0.002). Loud singing produced even more aerosol particles (980 [390–2870] particles/s) than normal singing (p=0.002). The amount of non-evaporated droplets detected by the high-speed camera setup showed similar results: more droplets during loud singing or talking. For both aerosol particle concentrations and droplet numbers, the levels were reduced by on average 70-80% when wearing a surgical face mask.ConclusionsSinging and talking give rise to high aerosol and droplet emissions from the respiratory tract. This is likely an important transmission route for Covid-19. In our upcoming part of the study we hope to determine how much SARS-CoV-2 that is emitted during these social activities.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Alsved, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking
- 2020
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Ingår i: Aerosol Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1521-7388 .- 0278-6826. ; 54:11, s. 245-1248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Choir singing has been suspended in many countriesduring the Covid-19 pandemic due to incidental reportsof disease transmission. The mode of transmission has been attributed to exhaled droplets, but with the exception of a study on tuberculosis from1968, there is presently almost no scientific evidence ofincreased particle emissions from singing. A substantial number of studies have,however, investigated aerosols emitted from breathing,talking, coughing and sneezing. It has also been shown that justnormal breathing over time can generate more viablevirus aerosol than coughing, since the latter is a less fre-quent activity.Compared to talking, singing often involves continu-ous voicing, higher sound pressure, higher frequencies,deeper breaths, higher peak airflows and more articu-lated consonants. All these factors are likely to increaseexhaled emissions.The aim of this study was to investigate aerosol anddroplet emissions during singing, as compared to talking and breathing. We also examined the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the air from breathing, talking and singing,and the efficacy of face masks to reduce emissions. In this study we defined aerosol particles as having a drysize in the range 0.5–10mm. Although debatable from anaerosol physics point of view, a cutoff diameter between5 and 10mm is normally used in medicine for classifica-tion of aerosol versus droplet route of transmission. Droplets are here defined as exhaled particles, frommicron size with no upper size limit, and measured dir-ectly at the mouth before complete evaporation, thuspartly in liquid phase.
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| 9. |
- Becher, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Yeast, not fruit volatiles mediate Drosophila melanogaster attraction, oviposition and development
- 2012
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2435 .- 0269-8463. ; 26:4, s. 822-828
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1.In nature, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is attracted to fermenting fruit. Micro-organisms like Saccharomyces yeasts growing on fruit occupy a commonly overlooked trophic level between fruit and insects. Although the dietary quality of yeast is well established for D.melanogaster, the individual contribution of fruit and yeast on host finding and reproductive success has not been established. 2.Here, we show that baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on its own is sufficient for fruit fly attraction, oviposition and larval development. In contrast, attraction and oviposition were significantly lower if non-fermented grape juice or growth media were used, and yeast-free grapes did not support larval development either. 3.Despite a strong preference for fermented substrates, moderate attraction to and oviposition on unfermented fruit might be adaptive in view of the fly's capacity to vector yeast. 4.Signals emitted by fruit were only of secondary importance because fermenting yeast without fruit induced the same fly behaviour as yeast fermenting on fruit. We identified a synthetic mimic of yeast odour, comprising ethanol, acetic acid, acetoin, 2-phenyl ethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, which was as attractive for the fly as fermenting grape juice or fermenting yeast minimal medium. 5.Yeast odours represent the critical signal to establish the flyfruityeast relationship. The traditional plantherbivore niche concept needs to be updated, to accommodate for the role of micro-organisms in insectplant interactions.
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| 10. |
- Bengtsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Conserved, Highly Specialized Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Food Compounds in 2 Congeneric Scarab Beetles, Pachnoda interrupta and Pachnoda marginata
- 2011
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 36, s. 499-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Few studies have systematically addressed evolutionary changes in olfactory neuron assemblies, either by genetic drift or as an adaptation to specific odor environments. We have studied the sense of olfaction in 2 congeneric scarab beetles, Pachnoda interrupta Olivier and Pachnoda marginata Drury (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), which are both opportunistic polyphages, feeding mainly on fruit and flowers. The 2 species occur in dissimilar habitats: P. interrupta is found in dry savannah, and P. marginata in tropical parts of equatorial Africa. To study how these species may have adapted their sense of olfaction to their odor environments, we utilized single-unit electrophysiology on olfactory sensilla with a wide selection of food-related compounds. Despite the differences in habitat, we found that the species shared most of the physiological types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) encountered, although their proportions frequently varied between the species. The high degree of conservation in olfaction between the species implies that a similar sensory strategy is efficient for food search in both habitats. However, shifts in proportions of receptor neuron classes, and slight shifts in response profiles and/or presence of some ORN classes unique to either species, may reflect adaptation to a different set of hosts.
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