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- Cowie, A. L., et al.
(författare)
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Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology Bioenergy. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1757-1693 .- 1757-1707. ; 13:8, s. 1210-1231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scientific literature contains contrasting findings about the climate effects of forest bioenergy, partly due to the wide diversity of bioenergy systems and associated contexts, but also due to differences in assessment methods. The climate effects of bioenergy must be accurately assessed to inform policy-making, but the complexity of bioenergy systems and associated land, industry and energy systems raises challenges for assessment. We examine misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy and discuss important considerations in assessing these effects and devising measures to incentivize sustainable bioenergy as a component of climate policy. The temporal and spatial system boundary and the reference (counterfactual) scenarios are key methodology choices that strongly influence results. Focussing on carbon balances of individual forest stands and comparing emissions at the point of combustion neglect system-level interactions that influence the climate effects of forest bioenergy. We highlight the need for a systems approach, in assessing options and developing policy for forest bioenergy that: (1) considers the whole life cycle of bioenergy systems, including effects of the associated forest management and harvesting on landscape carbon balances; (2) identifies how forest bioenergy can best be deployed to support energy system transformation required to achieve climate goals; and (3) incentivizes those forest bioenergy systems that augment the mitigation value of the forest sector as a whole. Emphasis on short-term emissions reduction targets can lead to decisions that make medium- to long-term climate goals more difficult to achieve. The most important climate change mitigation measure is the transformation of energy, industry and transport systems so that fossil carbon remains underground. Narrow perspectives obscure the significant role that bioenergy can play by displacing fossil fuels now, and supporting energy system transition. Greater transparency and consistency is needed in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting related to bioenergy.
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- Caltenco, Héctor, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Function Location on Typing and Pointing Tasks With an Intraoral Tongue-Computer Interface
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-7590 .- 1044-7318. ; 30:4, s. 267-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intraoral target (typing) and on-screen target (pointing/tracking) selection tasks were performed by 10 participants during 3 consecutive day sessions. Tasks were performed using 2 different intraoral sensor layouts. Reduction of undesired sensor activations while speaking as well as the influence of intraoral temperature variation on the signals of the intraoral interface was investigated. Results showed that intraoral target selection tasks were performed better when the respective sensor was located in the anterior area of the palate, reaching 78 and 16 activations per minute for repetitive and "unordered" sequences, respectively. Virtual target pointing and tracking tasks, of circles of 50, 70, and 100 pixels diameter, showed no significant difference in performance, reaching average pointing throughputs of 0.62 to 0.72 bits per second and relative time on target of 34% to 60%. Speaking tasks caused an average of 10 to 31 involuntary activations per minute in the anterior part of the palate. Intraoral temperature variation between 11.87 degrees C and 51.37 degrees C affected the sensor signal baseline in a range from -25.34% to 48.31%. Results from this study provide key design considerations to further increase the efficiency of tongue-computer interfaces for individuals with upper-limb mobility impairments.
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- Johansen, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study of virtual hand prosthesis control using an inductive tongue control system
- 2016
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Ingår i: Assistive Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1040-0435 .- 1949-3614. ; 28:1, s. 22-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compares the time required to activate a grasp or function of a hand prosthesis when using an electromyogram (EMG) based control scheme and when using a control scheme combining EMG and control signals from an inductive tongue control system (ITCS). Using a cross-over study design, 10 able-bodied subjects used a computer model of a hand and completed simulated grasping exercises. The time required to activate grasps was recorded and analyzed for both control schemes. End session mean activation times (ATs; seconds) for the EMG control scheme grasps 1 -5 were 0.80, 1.51, 1.95, 2.93, and 3.42; for the ITCS control scheme grasps 1 5 they were 1.19, 1.89, 1.75, 2.26, and 1.80. Mean AT for grasps 1 and 2 was statistically significant in favor of the EMG control scheme (p = 0.030; p = 0.004). For grasp 3 no statistical significance occurred, and for grasps 4 and 5 there was a statistical significance in favour of the ITCS control scheme (p = 0.048; p = 0.004). Based on the amount of training and the achieved level of performance, it is concluded that the proposed ITCS control scheme can be used as a means of enhancing prosthesis control.
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- Lund, Morten E., et al.
(författare)
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Inductive tongue control of powered wheelchairs
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. - 1557-170X. - 9781424441235 ; , s. 3361-3364
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alternative and effective methods for controlling powered wheelchairs are important to individuals with tetraplegia and similar impairments whom are unable to use the standard joystick. This paper describes a system where tongue movements are used to control a powered wheelchair thus providing users, with high level spinal cord injuries, full control of their wheelchair. The system is based on an inductive tongue control system developed at Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University. The system emulates a standard analog joystick in order to interface the wheelchair, thus ensuring that the system works with almost any wheelchair. The total embedment of the tongue interface into the mouth makes the control practically invisible. A fuzzy system combining 8 sensors for directional control allows for multidirectional control of the wheelchair. Preliminary test results show navigation abilities, which are highly competitive when compared to other tongue control system.
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- N. S. Andreasen Struijk, Lotte, et al.
(författare)
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Development and functional demonstration of a wireless intraoral inductive tongue computer interface for severely disabled persons
- 2017
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Ingår i: Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-3107 .- 1748-3115. ; 12:6, s. 631-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Individuals with tetraplegia depend on alternative interfaces in order to control computers and other electronic equipment. Current interfaces are often limited in the number of available control commands, and may compromise the social identity of an individual due to their undesirable appearance. The purpose of this study was to implement an alternative computer interface, which was fully embedded into the oral cavity and which provided multiple control commands. Methods: The development of a wireless, intraoral, inductive tongue computer was described. The interface encompassed a 10-key keypad area and a mouse pad area. This system was embedded wirelessly into the oral cavity of the user. The functionality of the system was demonstrated in two tetraplegic individuals and two able-bodied individuals Results: The system was invisible during use and allowed the user to type on a computer using either the keypad area or the mouse pad. The maximal typing rate was 1.8 s for repetitively typing a correct character with the keypad area and 1.4 s for repetitively typing a correct character with the mouse pad area. Conclusion: The results suggest that this inductive tongue computer interface provides an esthetically acceptable and functionally efficient environmental control for a severely disabled user.Implications for RehabilitationNew Design, Implementation and detection methods for intra oral assistive devices.Demonstration of wireless, powering and encapsulation techniques suitable for intra oral embedment of assistive devices.Demonstration of the functionality of a rechargeable and fully embedded intra oral tongue controlled computer input device.
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- Smith, C T, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities to encourage mobilization of sustainable bioenergy supply chains
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 6:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Significant opportunities exist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase domestic energy security, boost rural economies, and improve local environmental conditions through the deployment of sustainable bioenergy and bio-based product supply chains. There is currently a wide selection of possible feedstocks, a variety of conversion routes, and a number of different end products that can be produced at a range of scales. However, economic slowdown, low oil prices, lack of global political will, and lingering questions regarding land use change and the sustainability of bioenergy production systems provide a challenging global context to speed the pace of investment. The opinions expressed in this paper are derived from our collaboration within IEA Bioenergy to determine opportunities as well as barriers that need to be overcome to realize opportunities on a wider scale. This comprehensive and novel collaborative effort confirmed that feedstocks produced using logistically efficient production systems can be mobilized to make significant contributions to achieving global targets for bioenergy. At the same time, significant barriers to large-scale implementation exist in many regions. The mobilization potential identified in the study will depend on both increases in supply chain efficiencies and profits and strong policy support to increase stakeholder and investor confidence.
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