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- Berg, Per Eo, 1949
(författare)
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Källsortering: teori, metod och implementering
- 1993
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The primary interest of public sanitation is to maintain a hygienic and tidy city environment. The modern consumer society is based on a large production of goods and products with destruction of waste as a final step. The present sanitation system is a necessary link in the system serving the consumer society. It follows that the collection and destruction of household waste promotes the need for new products and as such leads to an increase in consumption. It is anticipated that this system will collapse in a long-sighted sustainable society. Future systems for the treatment of residual materials should be encompassed in closed cycles of materials in society and added to those providing waste generation. The present alternative for steering residual materials is source separation. That the Swedish population is prepared for an increased responsibility in recycling residual materials has been shown in studies in Göteborg, north west Skåne and Borås. However, strong motivation and a sufficiently comfortable collection system are necessary as shown by the significant correlation between ease of use and increased collection amount. Owner households successfully source separated paper, glass and biodegradable material without a need for help. However, source separation in apartments in Borås was greatly improved by offering simple under-the-sink technology as an aid. This study showed that collected household wastes from owner households decreased from 14 kg to 4 kg per household and week (75%) while in apartments the decrease was from 6.3 to 2.3 kg (65%) after the commencement of source separation. Guidelines for the implementation of source separation are proposed. A full assessment of the success of source separation requires the application of several approaches to allow a holistic picture. Degree of recycling and purity are central approaches because they are comparable between experiments and areas involved. Absolute amounts measured as "Material Recovery Rate" are unique to each sampling area and difficult to compare. A holistic approach to the assessment of source separation will include investigations of availability to users, participation rate, resource conservation, environmental consequence analysis and environmental economics. Although good collection results are obtained it cannot be expected that source separation will be the panacea in the construction of a long term sustainable society. Source separation as a technology and a social movement is a necessity in the treatment of residuals and should be incorporated in a new resource-saving technology. However, source separation technology is constantly subject to incorporation in modern waste disposal. Recycling without a change in the system for production and consumption has no long-term effect on the use of resources or environmental protection. On the other hand, a combination of source separation with a new outlook for production and consumption can raise source separation to a key concept in a closed cycle society.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Fröling, Morgan, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Oily Waste Composting
- 1996
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Ingår i: AUZO'96 International Conferece on Analysis and Utilisation of Oily Wastes.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Jönsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Minimera mängden producerat avfall
- 2003
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Ingår i: Miljömagasinet. ; 2003-02-21, s. 4-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Out with the old, out with the new - The effect of transitions in TVs and monitors technology on consumption and WEEE generation in Sweden 1996-2014
- 2015
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 46, s. 511-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is important due to its content of valuable and hazardous compounds. This study investigates the case of the recent technology change within television sets (TVs) and monitors, its impact on the generation of WEEE, and the implications for the recycling industry. In particular, material flow analysis for the time series of 1996-2014 for TVs and monitors by type of technology (CRT, Plasma and LCD) in physical units is combined with empirical data on product lifespans. The number of consumed TVs and monitors has grown exponentially. As a result, despite a 3-fold reduction in the weight of the products, the weight of the corresponding WEEE is also growing exponentially. Out with the old, out with the new - a peak in VVEEE from both CRT and flatscreen displays is expected during 2014-2020, due tothe simultaneous obsolesce of the last wave of CRT products and the short-lived flat-screen products that substituted the CRTs. The lifespans of LCD and LED TVs were found to be three times shorter than of the CRT TVs, with many TVs discarded while still functional. This is the consequence of two events - replacement of the CRT TVs in combination with lifestyle purchases of TVs, i.e. the premature replacement of flat-screen displays with new sets with extra-large screens and/or new features. The throughput of TVs and monitors consumed has been estimated annually from 2014 until 2040, by quantity and type of device, as well as by component and material type. The annual economic value of the corresponding secondary materials, by material type, has also been estimated. The point in time when the final disposal of CRT products is likely to take place has been identified and should be noted by the recycling industry. Among the important contributions of this study to the accounting and predicting of amounts and types of WEEE are the lifespan distributions, size and weight distributions, and material composition for TVs and monitors of different technology. Directions for method application in other countries are given.
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| 8. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Portable battery lifespans and new estimation method for battery collection rate based on a lifespan modeling approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 120, s. 65-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 The Author(s)Separate collection and recycling of used batteries is required in the EU member states and other countries, as a measure for environmentally sound management of batteries. Monitoring of collection rate of the separate battery stream is important for decision making, in particular for implementing interventions to improve the separate collection and evaluating their results. Limitations of the currently applied method for the estimation of battery collection rate are discussed and a new method, which improves the estimation, is suggested. The method utilizes a more accurate way of estimating the total battery waste generation. This estimation is based on batteries historical consumption estimated with material flow analysis method and distributions of batteries lifespan obtained from empirical data. Empirical data from two decades of battery consumption and disposal in Sweden were analyzed and lifespan distributions have been found for eight different types of batteries by dating over 5000 disposed batteries. The lifespans stretched from 1 to 28 years, with a median lifespan of 3–8 years. It is shown how the use of lifespan distributions in the suggested method could considerably improve the estimation of the collection rate. Consequently, the intervention potentials can be identified more accurately and the decision making for investments in the collection system can be improved. The observed lifespans are also useful for understanding batteries fate in households as well as trends in battery consumption and disposal.
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| 9. |
- Patricio, Joao, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Primary and secondary battery consumption trends in Sweden 1996-2013: Method development and detailed accounting by battery type
- 2015
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 39:5, s. 236-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, a new method based on Material Flow Accounting is proposed to study detailed material flows in battery consumption that can be replicated for other countries. The method uses regularly available statistics on import, industrial production and export of batteries and battery-containing electric and electronic equipment (EEE). To promote method use by other scholars with no access to such data, several empirically results and their trends over time, for different types of batteries occurrence among the EEE types are provided. The information provided by the method can be used to: identify drivers of battery consumption; study the dynamic behavior of battery flows - due to technology development, policies, consumers behavior and infrastructures. The method is exemplified by the study of battery flows in Sweden for years 1996-2013. The batteries were accounted, both in units and weight, as primary and secondary batteries; loose and integrated; by electrochemical composition and share of battery use between different types of EEE. Results show that, despite a fivefold increase in the consumption of rechargeable batteries, they account for only about 14% of total use of portable batteries. Recent increase in digital convergence has resulted in a sharp decline in the consumption of primary batteries, which has now stabilized at a fairly low level. Conversely, the consumption of integrated batteries has increased sharply. In 2013, 61% of the total weight of batteries sold in Sweden was collected, and for the particular case of alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, the value achieved 74%. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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