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- Berglund, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon dioxide emissions from cultivated peat soil cropped with bio-energy crops, a RECARE project.
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The degradation of drained peat soils in agricultural use is often an underestimated source of loss of organic matter due to oxidation and wind erosion. The oxidation can cause a loss of organic matter of 11 – 22 t ha-1 y-1 equivalent to CO2 emission of 20 – 40 t ha-1 y-1. Flooding agricultural peat soils to decrease the emissions is in many cases not possible without high costs, high GHG emissions and severe water pollution. Moreover sometimes cultural and historical landscapes and meadow birds’ areas are lost. In areas where the possibility to regulate the water table is limited the mitigation options are either to increase biomass production that can be used as bioenergy to substitute some fossil fuel, try to slow down the break-down of the peat by different amendments that inhibit microbial activity, or permanent flooding. The negative effects of wind erosion can be mitigated by reducing wind speed or different ways to protect the soil by crops or fiber sheets. The Broddbo case study site (60.0278766 N, 17.4299258 E) is located in the Bälinge Mossar peatland area on a typical Swedish fen peat soil (Euic Typic Haplosaprist H8-10, pH 5.3-5.8, LOI 82-87%) and cropped with reed canary grass, tall fescue and timothy to investigate the yield and greenhouse gas emissions from the different crops. The results from the first season 2015 (25/6 to 1/11) show that the yield (first cut 2.1 t dm*ha-1, second cut 1.9 t dm*ha-1) and CO2 emission (26.5 t CO2 *ha-1) are similar in all crops, and that the CO2 emission was influenced by ground water level.
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- Berglund, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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CO2 emissions from cultivated peat soil with sand addition, a CAOS project
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Peatlands store a major share of the world’s soil organic carbon and are widespread in Northern and Central European countries. Drainage is a precondition for classical agricultural production on organic soils. Drainage fosters peat mineralization and changes the physical and chemical soil quality. Only few decades after initial drainage, agricultural systems on drained organic soils start experiencing a high risk of crop failure. Decreased hydraulic conductivities lead to decreased infiltration, ponding, and finally to abandonment as drainage will not be effective anymore. One of the problems of (wet) organic soils is the low trafficability. The aim in this experiment is to investigate if the addition of foundry sand to the top soil will improve the trafficability without increasing the CO2 emission. In the Swedish part of the CAOS project, a field experiment (Randomized block design, 3x3) was set up at a former cultivated, but now abandoned, fen peat located at Bälinge Mossar (60.02821N, 17.43008E). We will compare trafficability, yield and CO2 emission from plots sown with Phleum pretense and treated with 0 cm, 2.5 cm or 5 cm foundry sand. The sand was applied in the autumn of 2015 and mixed in the top 10 cm of the soil. Penetration resistance, yield and CO2 emissions will be compared during three years. The first preliminary results (15/9-1/11) show that the CO2 emissions is highest from the plots without sand addition (3.4 µmol*m-2s-1) and lowest from the plots where 5 cm sand was added (1.4 µmol*m-2s-1). The emission from the 2.5 cm treatment was 1.8 µmol*m-2s-1. Yield and trafficability have not been measured yet, but it is promising that the CO2 emission from the plots with sand addition was much lower than untreated soils.
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- Berglund, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Decline in soil organic matter in peatsoils
- 2016
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Ingår i: Soil threats in Europe: status, methods, drivers and effects on ecosystem services : a review report, deliverable 2.1 of the RECARE project. - 9789279540189 ; :27607, s. 39-54
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Land and Urban Management - RECARE The challenge As soil formation is an extremely slow process, soil can be considered a non-renewable resource. Soils should thus be adequately protected and conserved to ensure that soil functions are not lost or diminished. Soil functions are, however, threatened globally by a wide range of processes, and in Europe, a number of threats have been identified in the European Soil Thematic Strategy. The challenge is to prevent degradation and its adverse effects on soil functions and ecosystem services, while simultaneously improving lively-hoods. Project Objectives Main objectives of RECARE are to: 1. Fill knowledge gaps in our understanding of the functioning of soil systems under the influence of climate and human activities, 2. Develop a harmonized methodology to assess state of degradation and conservation, 3. Develop a universally applicable methodology to assess the impacts of soil degradation upon soil functions and ecosystem services, 4. Select in collaboration with stakeholders, innovative measures, and evaluate the efficacy of these regarding soil functions and ecosystem services as well as costs and benefits, 5. Upscale results from case studies to European scale to evaluate the effectiveness of measures across Europe, 6. Evaluate ways to facilitate adoption of these measures by stakeholders, 7. Carry out an integrated assessment of existing soil related policies and strategies to identify their goals, impacts, synergies and potential inconsistencies, and to derive recommendations for improvement based on RECARE results, 8. Disseminate project results to all relevant stakeholders. Methodology As degradation problems are caused by the interplay of bio-physical, socio-economic and political factors, all of which vary across Europe, these problems are by definition site specific and occur at different scales. Therefore, 17 Case Studies of soil threats are included in RECARE to study the various conditions that occur across Europe and to find appropriate responses using an innovative approach combining scientific and local knowledge. The recently completed FP6 DESIRE project developed a successful methodological approach to evaluate mitigation and restoration measures against desertification in collaboration with stakeholders. This approach will be adapted to include other soils threats, and to evaluate ecosystem services. By integrating results from the Case Studies, knowledge gaps in our understanding of soil systems and their interaction with humans can be addressed, and more general conclusions can be drawn for each soil threat at the broader European level. Expected Results RECARE will improve the scientific understanding of complexity and functioning of soil systems and interaction with human activities. The main RECARE scientific innovations are related to the integrated trans-disciplinary approach for assessing preventing, remediating and restoring soil degradation in Europe. RECARE will contribute scale-appropriate solutions to soil degradation problems, which will in addition restore soil functionality and ecosystem services throughout Europe. The engagement of relevant stakeholders will help to i) identify existing obstacles to the integration of soil protection objectives into and between relevant policies and ii) to reveal solutions to overcome these impediments. RECARE will support improved implementation and coherence across a number of relevant EU policies and strategies.
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| 7. |
- Berglund, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Future options for cultivated Nordic peat soils: Can land management and rewetting control greenhouse gas emissions?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1462-9011 .- 1873-6416. ; 69, s. 85-93
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Management of peat soils is regionally important as they cover large land areas and have important but conflicting ecosystems services. A recent management trend for drained peatlands is the control of greenhouse gases (GHG) by changes in agricultural practices, peatland restoration or paludiculture. Due to complex antagonistic controls of moisture, water table management can be difficult to use as a method for controlling GHG emissions. Past studies show that there is no obvious relationship between GHG emission rates and crop type, tillage intensity or fertilization rates. For drained peat soils, the best use options can vary from rewetting with reduced emission to efficient short term use to maximize the, profit per amount of greenhouse gas emitted. The GHG accounting should consider the entire life cycle of the peatland and the socio-economic benefits peatlands provide locally. Cultivating energy crops is a viable option especially for wet peat soils with poor drainage, but harvesting remains a challenge due to tractability of wet soils. Paludiculture in lowland floodplains can be a tool to mitigate regional flooding allowing water to be stored on these lands without much harm to crops. This can also increase regional biodiversity providing important habitats for birds and moisture tolerant plant species. However, on many peatlands rewetting is not possible due to their position in the landscape and the associated difficulty to maintain a high stable water table. While the goal of rewetting often is to encourage the return of peat forming plants and the ecosystem services they provide such as carbon sequestration, it is not well known if these plants will grow on peat soils that have been altered by the process of drainage and management. Therefore, it is important to consider peat quality and hydrology when choosing management options. Mapping of sites is recommended as a management tool to guide actions. The environmental status and socio-economic importance of the sites should be assessed both for continued cultivation but also for other ecosystem services such as restoration and hydrological functions (flood control). Farmers need advice, tools and training to find the best after-use option. Biofuels might provide a cost-efficient after use option for some sites. Peat extraction followed by rewetting might provide a sustainable option as rewetting is often easier if the peat is removed, starting the peat accumulation from scratch. Also this provides a way to finance the after-use. As impacts of land use are uncertain, new policies should consider multiple benefits and decisions should be based on scientific evidence and field scale observations. The need to further understand the key processes and long term effects of field scale land use manipulations is evident. The recommended actions for peatlands should be based on local condition and socio-economic needs to outline intermediate and long term plans. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Berglund, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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A lysimeter study on the effect of temperature on CO2 emission from cultivated peat soils
- 2010
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 154:3-4, s. 211-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A lysimeter method was evaluated for its suitability in gas emission studies by studying the effect of temperature on CO2 emissions (dark respiration) from cultivated peat soils. The study was carried out with organic soils from two locations in Sweden, a typical cultivated fen peat with low pH and high organic matter content (Örke) and a more uncommon fen peat with high pH and low organic matter content (Majnegården). A drilling method with minimal soil disturbance was used to collect 12 undisturbed soil lysimeters per site. CO2 emission was measured weekly from the vegetated lysimeters and the results were compared with data from incubation experiments. The CO2 emissions measured in the lysimeter experiment were in the same range as those in other studies and showed a similar increase with temperature as in the incubation experiment. With climatic and drainage conditions being similar in the lysimeter experiment, differences in daytime CO2 emission rates between soils (483 mg ± 6.9 CO2 m− 2 h− 1 from the Örke soil and 360 ± 7.5 mg CO2 m− 2 h− 1 from the Majnegården soil) were presumably due to soil quality differences. Q10 values of 2.1 and 3.0 were determined in the lysimeter experiment and of 1.9 to 4.5 in the incubation experiment for Örke and Majnegården respectively. CO2 emission data fitted well to a semi-empirical equation relating CO2 emissions to air temperature. The lysimeter method proved to be well suited for CO2 emission studies.
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