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- Alarcón Ferrari, Cristián, et al.
(författare)
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Agricultural Livelihoods, Rural Development Policy and Political Ecologies of Land and Water : exploring new agrarian questions
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Routledge Handbook on Livelihoods in the Global South. - London : Routledge. - 9780367856359 ; , s. 284-301
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines some of the key links between agricultural livelihoods, rural development policy and agrarian change through the lens of a political ecology of land and water use. In doing so, we aim to develop a deeper understanding of the external and internal processes defining prospects and barriers for agricultural livelihoods. The chapter pays special attention to labour and gender relations in the understanding of agricultural livelihoods. The chapter focuses on 1) the role of control over land and water and labour in defining paths of agrarian change and their relation to different forms of agricultural livelihoods in the context of the sustainability crisis and climate change, and 2) how agricultural livelihoods interact with the wider processes of rural transformations premised on national rural development policies. In conceptual terms, the chapter develops perspectives from an agrarian question framework to offer theoretical and empirical insights into agricultural livelihoods in rural contexts of South America and Africa.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Karolin, et al.
(författare)
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Window dressing inequalities and constructing women farmers as problematic—gender in Rwanda’s agriculture policy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Agriculture and Human Values. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0889-048X .- 1572-8366. ; 39, s. 1245-1261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rwanda is often depicted as a success story by policy makers when it comes to issues of gender. In this paper, we show how the problem of gendered inequality in agriculture nevertheless is both marginalized and instrumentalized in Rwanda’s agriculture policy. Our in-depth analysis of 12 national policies is informed by Bacchi’s What’s the problem represented to be? approach. It attests that gendered inequality is largely left unproblematized as well as reduced to a problem of women’s low agricultural productivity. The policy focuses on framing the symptoms and effects of gendered inequality and turns gender mainstreaming into an instrument for national economic growth. We argue that by insufficiently addressing the socio-political underlying causes of gendered inequality, Rwanda’s agriculture policy risks reproducing and exacerbating inequalities by reinforcing dominant gender relations and constructing women farmers as problematic and men as normative farmers. We call for the policy to approach gendered inequality in alternative ways. Drawing on perspectives in feminist political ecology, we discuss how such alternatives could allow policy to more profoundly challenge underlying structural constraints such as unequal gender relations of power, gender norms, and gender divisions of work. This would shift policy’s problematizing lens from economic growth to social justice, and from women’s shortcomings and disadvantages in agriculture to the practices and relations that perpetuate inequality. In the long term, this could lead to transformed gender norms and power relations, and a more just and equal future beyond what the dominant agricultural development discourse currently permits.
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| 4. |
- Bergman-Lodin, Johanna
(författare)
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Engendered promises, gendered challenges : Changing patterns of labor, control and benefits among smallholder households growing NERICA in Uganda
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- NERICA is a new group of high-yielding and stress-tolerant upland rice varieties, developed by the Africa Rice Center to address the continent-wide rice challenge, poverty and food insecurity. Recognizing that African women farmers do not always benefit from the introduction of productivity-enhancing technology and higher-value crops, the aim of my thesis is to understand processes leading to NERICA-related wellbeing outcomes among differently comprised grower households in Hoima District, Uganda, by examining inter- and intrahousehold gender dynamics. More specifically, I analyze how the cultivation of NERICA influences smallholder women, men and children’s daily lives and wellbeing. My thesis is qualitatively designed and driven in that I am particularly interested in understanding and elucidating the subjective and embodied experiences of the NERICA growers in Hoima District. In researching their complex, gendered realities I have been using an integrated mixed methods approach. The research results are presented in three articles. I show that for many smallholder households, especially those headed by women, NERICA has turned out to be an economic opportunity in terms of cash income that goes unmatched. I also show that many women in male-headed households are more successful in bargaining for shares of the NERICA proceeds than they ever have been in relation to the proceeds from traditional cash crops like tobacco. At the same time, I identify several gendered challenges in relation to the production of NERICA in Uganda. These are related to, on one hand, female-headed households’ worse access to land and remunerative markets than male-headed households, which is constraining their production and market performance in relation to NERICA, and, on the other, the extreme labor burdens that NERICA demands in bird and weed control, which affects women and children’s wellbeing negatively by exacerbating their time poverty and energy expense. My thesis can be read as a gender-informed analysis of the recent surge of NERICA in Hoima District, Uganda. But the concern of the thesis goes beyond both NERICA and Uganda. It points to the value of considering female- and male-headed households’ various endowments and capabilities in specific localities, as well as differences in gendered resources, roles and responsibilities among women and men farmers (and their children) in these localities, when new productivity-enhancing agricultural technology and higher-value crops are introduced.
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| 6. |
- Bergman Lodin, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Gender dynamics in cassava leaves value chains: The case of Tanzania
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security (Agri-Gender). - 2413-922X. ; 1, s. 84-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing recognition of the importance of African leafy vegetables for achieving healthy diets, particularly amongst low-income households. In Tanzania, cassava leaves are an important vegetable, yet little is known about how their markets are organized and who benefits from participation and how. This study examines the structure of and gender dynamics in the cassava leaves value chain in Mkuranga District, Tanzania. Data was collected through structured and semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observations. The findings show that the value chain is in its formative stage, yet, two thirds of the sampled farmers market cassava leaves. While the value chain is dominated by women, participation at different nodes is highly gendered, and so is the distribution of benefits. Private and public institutions urgently need to increase their support to the value chain, given the importance of the leaves in enhancing diets and as a source of income for women. Finally, future research on cassava should consider both tubers and leaves to understand the trade-offs and synergies between them.
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| 7. |
- Bergman Lodin, Johanna
(författare)
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Gendered mobilities and immobilities: Women's and men's capacities for agricultural innovation in Kenya and Nigeria
- 2019
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Ingår i: Gender, Place and Culture. - 0966-369X .- 1360-0524. ; 26, s. 1759-1783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social norms surrounding women's and men's mobility in public spaces often differ. Here we discuss how gendered mobilities and immobilities influence women's and men's capacities to innovate in agriculture. We analyze four case studies from Western Kenya and Southwestern Nigeria that draw on 28 focus group discussions and 32 individual interviews with a total of 225 rural and peri-urban women, men and youth. Findings show that women in both sites are less mobile than men due to norms that delimit the spaces where they can go, the purpose, length of time and time of day of their travels. Overall, Kenyan women and Nigerian men have better access to agricultural services and farmer groups than their gendered counterparts. In Southwestern Nigeria this is linked to masculine roles of heading and providing for the household and in Western Kenya to the construction of women as the 'developers' of their households. Access and group participation may reflect norms and expectations to fulfill gender roles rather than an individual's agency. This may (re)produce mobility pressures on time constrained gendered subjects. Frameworks to analyze factors that support women's and men's agency should be used to understand how gendered mobilities and immobilities are embedded in community contexts and affect engagement in agricultural innovation. This can inform the design of interventions to consider the ways in which norms and agency intersect and influence women's and men's mobilities, hence capacity to innovate in agriculture, thus supporting more gender transformative approaches.
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