| 1. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Different Drivers Behind Corporate Environmental Policies: The Case of the Swedish and Chilean Copper Industry
- 2021
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Ingår i: Natural resources and divergence: a comparison of Andean and Nordic trajectories.. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. ; , s. 279-303, s. 279-303
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter represents a comparative study of the emergence of environmental policies in the Chilean and Swedish copper industry. The chapter identifies a number of key factors which helps to explain dissimilar characteristics of actions to protect the environment in both countries as well as the timing for these actions. One key difference identified—besides obvious factors such as income levels, political systems and dependency of foreign direct investments—concerns the very drivers behind the greening of the industry. While governmental regulation developing from the 1960s represented the primary driver behind the green transformation of Swedish copper industry, it took until the 1990s before the Chilean copper companies started to adopt their first environmental policies ahead of regulation, and called for the Chilean government to act. We suggest that this happened as globalisation took hold from the early 1990s, and foreign companies operating in Chile demanded environmental standards that harmonised with those in the Western world, at the same time as the Chilean industry needed to enhance an environmental reputation in the global market. Thus, while the Swedish industry was much driven by national regulation to invest in cleaner technologies, it was the pressure from globalisation that drove the Chilean industry to clean up their acts.
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| 2. |
- Ducoing, Cristian, et al.
(författare)
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Natural Resources Curse in the long run? : Bolivia, Chile and Peru in the Nordic countries’ mirror
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The new estimates of the Maddison Project show that the p.p.p. GDP per capita ratio between Bolivia and Finland has changed from 0.68 ca. 1850 to 0.16 in 2015; similarly, that between Chile and Norway from 0.65 to 0.28. The aim of this article is to present a review of the literature and available quantitative evidence to understand how these extreme differences became possible between countries with similarly enormous natural resources endowments. Specifically, the article seeks to a) identify some stylised facts that may help understand the divergence between Andean and Nordic countries; b) highlight research questions that will guide further work about the divergent effect of natural resource abundance in Andean and Nordic economies. In order to achieve these objectives, four topics are covered: GDPpc, population, trade and taxation. The analysis comprises three Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, and Sweden) and three Andean countries (Bolivia, Chile, and Peru) from the mid-nineteenth century to present day. The sample size, time span covered and thematic approach provide new evidence regarding previous work.
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| 3. |
- Ducoing, Cristián, et al.
(författare)
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Natural Resources Curse in the Long Run? Bolivia, Chile and Peru in the Nordic Countries’ Mirror
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - Basel : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 10:4, s. 965-965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The new estimates of the Maddison Project show that GDP per capita ratio at purchasing power parity (ppp) between Bolivia and Finland has changed from 0.68 ca. 1850 to 0.16 in 2015; similarly, that between Chile and Norway from 0.65 to 0.28. The aim of this article is to present a review of the literature and available quantitative evidence to understand how these extreme differences became possible between countries with similarly enormous natural resource endowments. Specifically, the article seeks to: (a) identify some stylized facts that may help understand the divergence between Andean and Nordic countries; (b) identify key historical processes that explain the divergent effect of natural resource abundance in Andean and Nordic economies. In order to achieve these objectives, four topics are covered: GDPpc, population, trade and taxation. The analysis comprises three Nordic countries (Finland, Norway and Sweden) and three Andean countries (Bolivia, Chile and Peru) from the mid-Nineteenth Century to present day. The sample size, time span covered and thematic approach provide new evidence regarding previous work.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Adman, Per, et al.
(författare)
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171 forskare: ”Vi vuxna bör också klimatprotestera”
- 2019
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - Stockholm. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 26/9. Vuxna bör följa uppmaningen från ungdomarna i Fridays for future-rörelsen och protestera eftersom det politiska ledarskapet är otillräckligt. Omfattande och långvariga påtryckningar från hela samhället behövs för att få de politiskt ansvariga att utöva det ledarskap som klimatkrisen kräver, skriver 171 forskare i samhällsvetenskap och humaniora.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Lars-Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Profits, dividends and industry restructuring : the Swedish paper and pulp industry between 1945 and 1977
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 64:3, s. 278-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the role of profit distribution in the restructuring of the Swedish paper and pulp industry between 1945 and 1977. In addressing this issue, we will draw on the life-cycle theory and market imperfection arguments to examine whether the less profitable firms shared more of their profits as dividends, or remained on the market longer by reinvesting the majority of the profits. Our study shows that an increasing share of the profits was distributed to owners over time, and thus less profit was reinvested in industrial renewal. We find that the observed general upward trend in dividends can be attributed to the decline in profit and firm legacy, as firms in the Swedish pulp and paper industry kept dividends up while reducing reinvestment as their profit margins decreased over time. Our study shows that the market imperfections related to capital taxation and investment funds increased rather than decreased dividends.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond Limits to Growth! : Collaboration Between the International Business and United Nations in Shaping Global Environmental Governance
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This working paper examines the historical role of business interests in shaping structures for global environmental governance. Drawing on extensive historical evidence from the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and other archives, the paper demonstrates that international business associations, in particular the ICC were instrumental to the transformation of international environmental governancebetween the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 and Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. The ICC, which was sidelined in the debates on the environment in Stockholm in 1972, gradually managed to establish itself as a key partner for the United Nations and to introduce a liberal environmental vision that emphasized economic growth, market forces, free trade, and business self-regulation as a source of environmental governance. While environmental debate at the time for the Stockholm conference in 1972 was centered around the notion of Limits to Growth we find that the ICC actively contributed to the definition of the concept sustainable development. This paper not only helps to explain the role of business in constructing the concept of sustainable development but also why the concept became so widely accepted in the world business community. The problem was that this conception of sustainable development allowed for the incremental greening of corporations, which did not reflect the real need for measures to prevent the ongoing environmental crisis from worsening, including climate change.
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| 9. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond Planetary Limits! : The International Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations, and the Invention of Sustainable Development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Business history review. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-6805 .- 2044-768X. ; 97:3, s. 481-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the role of business interests in shaping the structures of global environmental governance between the United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 and the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio in 1992. It demonstrates how the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) managed to establish itself as a key partner for the UN while articulating a neoliberal vision that emphasized the market mechanism and business self-regulation as sources of environmental governance. The article provides empirical evidence that the ICC institutionalized business self-regulation in environmental governance and contributed to the very definition of the concept of sustainable development as we know it today.
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| 10. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, 1972-
(författare)
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Business and sustainability : new business history perspectives
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This working paper provides a long-term business history perspective on sustainability. For a long time, the central issues in business history concerned how business enterprises innovated and created wealth, and patterns of success and failure in that process. There now exists, after a lag, a compelling stream of research focused on the environmental consequences of that growth. This working paper reviews this new stream of research which focuses on two related but distinct themes. The earliest theme to be explored, in a literature dating from the 1990s, is the story of how and why some conventional industries sought to become less polluting. Research has dated this phenomenon back to the late nineteenth century, showed it gained momentum from the 1960s, and resulted in a mainstreaming of sustainability rhetoric , and sometimes practice, in large corporations from 1980s, primarily in Western developed countries. A more recent research theme is the story of how for-profit entrepreneurs developed new product categories such as organic food, and wind and solar energy, which were explicitly focused on sustainability. Again this process has been traced back to the nineteenth century. With the rise in green consumerism and public policy support in some Western countries for sustainability during the 1990s, these two historical trends met, as the concept of sustainable development spread to large conventional corporations and visionary green firms scaled or were acquired by conventional big businesses. The problem was that concept of sustainability became socially constructed in a sufficiently broad fashion as to permit even the most unstainable and dirty industries to firms claim to be sustainable. The working paper concludes that the emergent business history needs to be more fully incorporated in wider management and economics literatures on sustainability, while calling for the mainstreaming of the subject in the discipline of business history.
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