| 1. |
- Bergström, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Turnover and Losses of Phosphorus in Swedish Agricultural Soils: Long-Term Changes, Leaching Trends, and Mitigation Measures
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 44, s. 512-523
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport of phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields to water bodies deteriorates water quality and causes eutrophication. To reduce P losses and optimize P use efficiency by crops, better knowledge is needed of P turnover in soil and the efficiency of best management practices (BMPs). In this review, we examined these issues using results from 10 Swedish long-term soil fertility trials and various studies on subsurface losses of P. The fertility trials are more than 50 years old and consist of two cropping systems with farmyard manure and mineral fertilizer. One major finding was that replacement of P removed by crops with fertilizer P was not sufficient to maintain soil P concentrations, determined with acid ammonium lactate extraction. The BMPs for reducing P leaching losses reviewed here included catch crops, constructed wetlands, structure liming of clay soils, and various manure application strategies. None of the eight catch crops tested reduced P leaching significantly, whereas total P loads were reduced by 36% by wetland installation, by 39 to 55% by structure liming (tested at two sites), and by 50% by incorporation of pig slurry into a clay soil instead of surface application. Trend analysis of P monitoring data since the 1980s for a number of small Swedish catchments in which various BMPs have been implemented showed no clear pattern, and both upward and downward trends were observed. However, other factors, such as weather conditions and soil type, have profound effects on P losses, which can mask the effects of BMPs.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of ocean acidification on antimicrobial activity in gills of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 55, s. 452-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we aimed to investigate potential effects of ocean acidification on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity in the gills of Mytilus edulis, as gills are directly facing seawater and the changing pH (predicted to be reduced from ∼8.1 to ∼7.7 by 2100). The AMP activity of gill and haemocyte extracts was compared at pH 6.0, 7.7 and 8.1, with a radial diffusion assay against Escherichia coli. The activity of the gill extracts was not affected by pH, while it was significantly reduced with increasing pH in the haemocyte extracts. Gill extracts were also tested against different species of Vibrio (V. parahaemolyticus, V. tubiashii, V. splendidus, V. alginolyticus) at pH 7.7 and 8.1. The metabolic activity of the bacteria decreased by ∼65–90%, depending on species of bacteria, but was, as in the radial diffusion assay, not affected by pH. The results indicated that AMPs from gills are efficient in a broad pH-range. However, when mussels were pre-exposed for pH 7.7 for four month the gill extracts presented significantly lower inhibit of bacterial growth. A full in-depth proteome investigation of gill extracts, using LC-Orbitrap MS/MS technique, showed that among previously described AMPs from haemocytes of Mytilus, myticin A was found up-regulated in response to lipopolysaccharide, 3 h post injection. Sporadic occurrence of other immune related peptides/proteins also pointed to a rapid response (0.5–3 h p.i.). Altogether, our results indicate that the gills of blue mussels constitute an important first line defence adapted to act at the pH of seawater. The antimicrobial activity of the gills is however modulated when mussels are under the pressure of ocean acidification, which may give future advantages for invading pathogens.
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| 7. |
- Berg, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations in the developability of peptides for oral administration when formulated together with transient permeation enhancers
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - : Elsevier. - 0378-5173 .- 1873-3476. ; 628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews many of the properties of a peptide that need to be considered prior to development as an oral dosage form when co-formulated with a permeation enhancer to improve oral bioavailability, including the importance and implications of peptide half-life on variability in pharmacokinetic profiles. Clinical consider-ations in terms of food and drug-drug interactions are also discussed. The paper further gives a brief overview how permeation enhancers overcome barriers that limit oral absorption of peptides and thereby improve their oral bioavailability, albeit bioavailabilities are still low single digit and variability is high.
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| 8. |
- Berggren, Kristina, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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3-Aminopiperidine Based Peptide Analogues as the First Selective Noncovalent Inhibitors of the Bacterial Cysteine Protease IdeS
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 55:6, s. 2549-2560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of eight peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequence of the hinge region of IgG and 17 newly synthesized peptide analogues containing a piperidine moiety as a replacement of a glycine residue were tested as potential inhibitors of the bacterial IgG degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes, IdeS. None of the peptides showed any inhibitory activity of IdeS, but several piperidine-based analogues were identified as inhibitors. Two different analysis methods were used: an SDS-PAGE based assay to detect IgG cleavage products and a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy based assay to quantify the degree of inhibition. To investigate the selectivity of the inhibitors for IdeS, all compounds were screened against two other related cysteine proteases (SpeB and papain). The selectivity results show that larger analogues that are active inhibitors of IdeS are even more potent as inhibitors of papain, whereas smaller analogues that are active inhibitors of IdeS inhibit neither SpeB nor papain. Two compounds were identified that exhibit high selectivity against IdeS and will be used for further studies.
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| 9. |
- Bergström, Helena, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Child sexual abuse at preschools - a research review of a complex issue for preschool professionals
- 2016
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Ingår i: Early Child Development and Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0300-4430 .- 1476-8275. ; 186:9, s. 1520-1528
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this research review is to synthesize research published between 2000 and 2015 regarding child sexual abuse, preschool and preschool teachers. The review identifies themes relevant for the preschool teacher profession: child sexual abuse at preschools, suspicions and consequences for the preschool sector, preventing techniques and the preschool teacher as a safeguarder. Furthermore, important types of tensions in efforts to safeguard against child sexual abuse are identified: the importance of listening to children and avoiding false allegations, the preschool teacher as a safeguarder and a potential abuser, and the importance of preventing child sexual abuse and providing qualitative care of children. Implications for the profession, the education of preschool teachers and the need for more research are addressed.
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| 10. |
- Bergström, Helena
(författare)
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CYP3A and lipids in health and disease : in females and males
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sex and gender differences in the pharmacokinetics-and dynamics of drugs, have been known for centuries. Women have been regarded as different - a 70 kg male has been the norm in medicine. In the context of clinical studies, fertile women and elderly are referred to as special populations, while palliative patients are referred to as a vulnerable population. The purpose of the studies in this thesis, was to contribute to an increased knowledge of these populations, with focus on women’s health. Accordingly, we set out to investigate lipid lowering treatment with statins in fertile women and palliative cancer patients. In addition, the menstrual cycle variability in novel lipid biomarkers, in the activity in Cytochrome p-450 3A enzyme (CYP3A) and in microbiota TMAO was explored. In study І, we investigated the effect of treatment with lipid-lowering statins on drug metabolizing CYPs and transporters in hepatic tissue. Patients with gallstones planned for elective cholecystectomy, were subjected to four weeks of statins or placebo treatment. Atorvastatin treatment resulted in an induction of the mRNA expression in uptake and efflux transporters in hepatocytes. In addition, the previously shown higher expression of mRNA of hepatic CYP3A enzyme in fertile women, was confirmed. Next, sex differences in the discontinuation of lipid lowering treatment with statins in palliative cancer patients, were examined in study ІІ. While females had their statin treatment terminated on average 10 months prior to death, males had their treatment ended on average 4 months prior to death. 79 % of the females treated with statin did not have cardiovascular disease, as opposed to 52% of males. In study ІІІ & ІV, the menstrual cycle variability in novel lipid biomarkers for CVD, non HDL-C, ApoB and remnant-C and the endogenous marker of CYP3A activity 6β hydroxycortisol/cortisol (6β-OHC/C) in urine were evaluated in the same cohort. In addition, the menstrual variability of and associations between, gut microbiota metabolite TMAO in blood and the biomarkers, were determined. In study ІІІ, ApoB and HDL ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol were higher during the follicular phase. Triglyceride rich lipoprotein remnant-cholesterol, was higher during the luteal phase, compared to the ovulatory phase. Sampling of pro atherogenic ApoB and non-HDL-C could ideally be performed in the follicular phase. For patients with Metabolic Syndrome and dyslipidemia, sampling during the luteal phase, may be considered. There was no menstrual cycle variability in TMAO. A significant association between 6β-OHC/C and microbiota TMAO, was shown for the ovulatory and luteal phase in study ІV. In addition, there was a relationship between 6β OHC/C and sex hormone progesterone. Finally, there was no menstrual cycle variability in 6β-OHC/C. Finally, in study V, we assessed CYP3A activity measured as 4β hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol (4β-OHC/C) in blood, in End-of-Life palliative cancer patients. The median 4β-OHC/C was higher in female and male patients, than in the young and elderly controls, suggesting that CYP3A activity is maintained until the end of life.
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