| 1. |
- Dehghani, S., et al.
(författare)
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Towards an integrated system modeling of water scarcity with projected changes in climate and socioeconomic conditions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainable Production and Consumption. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-5509. ; 33, s. 543-556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water scarcity is one of the major challenges in semi-arid and arid areas. Drivers for water scarcity include climate change, population growth, economic, and agricultural development. This paper presents a framework for assessing water scarcity under the impact of climate, industry, and socio-economic changes in the Qazvin Plain, Iran. A system dynamics model is developed and calibrated using historical data to evaluate the effects of the projected drivers on water scarcity in 2025–2054. A Bayesian averaging model was used to manage the uncertainty in the GFDL, INM, IPSL, MPI-ESM1-2, and MRI.MRI-ESM2-0 climate projections under the two future SSP126 and SSP585 (shared socioeconomic pathways) scenarios. The results demonstrate that the water scarcity index (with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1) is about 0.4 and 0.7 in SSP126 and SSP585, respectively, which may severely affect agricultural development. On the other hand, the industry, domestic, and service sectors are more resilient to these variations with no probable major effects on water scarcity. However, the stress on the agricultural sector may cause migration of the workforce to industry. Policymakers must focus on implementing appropriate adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector to prepare for unpredictable shocks to the system.
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| 2. |
- Sidorova, N. V., et al.
(författare)
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New spatial-globular structure polymer for pre-treatment in reverse osmosis membrane filtration
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Process Engineering. - 2214-7144. ; 58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kazakhstan is facing increasing water scarcity due to climate change and transboundary international water diversions. For this reason, low-quality water with high mineral content needs to be increasingly used in the future. A way to improve water quality for consumptive use is membrane treatment technology. In view of this, we investigated a new type of synthetic spatial-globular structure (SGS) polymers as a pre-treatment to reverse osmosis membrane filtration to increase its efficiency and service life. SGS polymer filters can be used as a pretreatment unit before ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, providing filtration, suspended solids retention, and water softening. The investigated SGS polymer reduced the Ca content in the source water from 390 to about 1 mg/L with a purification effect of 99.7 %. The treatment as indicated by the contamination index Ф of the filters showed that the overall cleaning effect was 90 % or more. Thus, the use of the new pre-filtering SGS material with ion-exchange and sorption properties displayed good improvement for drinking water treatment and it can be used to increase the life of membrane devices.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gohari, A., et al.
(författare)
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Adaptation of surface water supply to climate change in central Iran
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Water and Climate Change. - : IWA Publishing. - 2040-2244 .- 2408-9354. ; 5:3, s. 391-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Optimal reservoir operation changes and adaptation strategies for the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin's surface water supply system are examined for a changing climate during the 2015–2044 period. On average, the monthly temperature in the basin is expected to increase by 0.46–0.76 °C and annual precipitation is expected to decrease by 14–38% with climate change, resulting in a reduction of the Zayandeh-Rud's peak stream flow and the amplitude of its seasonal range. Snowfall decrease in winter months will generally lead to an 8–43% reduction in annual stream flow under climate change. A reservoir operation model is developed and optimal reservoir operation strategies are identified for adaptation of the basin's surface water supply to climate change in the face of the increasing water demand. Results indicate that the reservoir drawdown season starts 2 months earlier under climate change. Smaller storage levels and greater water releases must occur to meet the increasing water demand. The optimized water release can provide sufficient water for non-agricultural water demand, but agriculture will experience more severe water shortage under a changing climate. Having the highest vulnerability, the agricultural sector should be the main focus of regional management plans to address the current water challenge and more severe water shortages under climate change.
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| 5. |
- Haughton, Suzette A., et al.
(författare)
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Consumer Drivers of Industry Growth and Household Loyalty to Private Security Firms in Jamaica
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. - : SAGE Publications. - 1043-9862 .- 1552-5406. ; 36:1, s. 110-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jamaica is the fourth most murderous country in the world with more than 100 murders per 100,000 population. Private security firms have grown to record levels and have outnumbered the police and military combined, thus making private security an extremely important part of the security landscape in the country. This article seeks to explain household loyalty to private security providers and the rapid growth of private policing and protection in the country. Prior research has rarely addressed this issue, particularly in a developing world context. Utilizing a final sample of 108 private security customers in Jamaica and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis, the study finds that good relationships between customers and security providers and the service quality offered by private security firms are key drivers of household loyalty. In addition, lack of confidence in the police, service quality offered, and the high levels of “indiscipline” in the Jamaican society are causal to the increased growth in the private security industry.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Mourad, Khaldoon A., et al.
(författare)
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Modeling tool for air stripping and carbon adsorbers to remove trace organic contaminants
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Thermal Environmental Engineering. - : International Association for Sharing Knowledge and Sustainability. - 1923-7308 .- 1923-7316. ; 4:1, s. 99-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Removal of trace organic contaminants from aqueous solutions by air strippers (AS) and fixed bed carbon adsorper (FBCA) has been studied. A trace organic treatment tool has been developed to capture and adapt the best-known designprocedures and to have all regulated trace organics, their physical and chemical properties, and the corresponding maximum concentration limits. Outputs include the selected treatment method and the final design parameters of airstripper or fixed bed carbon adsorber. Running the model shows that water temperature is a very important factor in designing AS and FBA. It also shows that the best air pressure values, in AS, ranged between 150 -200 ATM. And there is a big relation between the column size and the packing material. On the other hand, it shows that FBA diameter has an obvious effect on the needed volume, and the best values ranged between 1.2 – 2.5 m.
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| 8. |
- Mourad, Khaldoon A., et al.
(författare)
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Potential fresh water saving using greywater in toilet flushing in Syria.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 92:10, s. 2447-2453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greywater reuse is becoming an increasingly important factor for potable water saving in many countries. Syria is one of the most water scarce countries in the Middle East. However, greywater reuse is still not common in the country. Regulations and standards for greywater reuse are not available. Recently, however, several stakeholders have started to plan for greywater reuse. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential for potable water saving by using greywater for toilet flushing in a typical Syrian city. The Sweida city in the southern part of Syria was chosen for this purpose. Interviews were made in order to reflect the social acceptance, water consumption, and the percentage of different indoor water uses. An artificial wetland (AW) and a commercial bio filter (CBF) were proposed to treat the greywater, and an economic analysis was performed for the treatment system. Results show that using treated greywater for toilet flushing would save about 35% of the drinking water. The economic analyses of the two proposed systems showed that, in the current water tariff, the payback period for AW and CBF in block systems is 7 and 52 years, respectively. However, this period will reduce to 3 and 21 years, respectively, if full water costs are paid by beneficiaries. Hence, introducing artificial wetlands in order to make greywater use efficient appears to be a viable alternative to save potable water.
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| 9. |
- Schwamback, Dimaghi, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive design of tipping bucket flow meters for continuous runoff measurement
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - 2296-665X. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Runoff measurement and monitoring is a laborious, timeconsuming,and costly task. Additionally, common runoff monitoring usually primarily provide water level, requiring information on the stage-discharge relation. Automatic equipment such as flow meter tipping bucket (TB) is a potential option to simplify and provide continuous runoff monitoring in small catchments. However, a proper description of how to size and adapt the design under different flow conditions is still lacking.Methodology: In this paper we present a novel standardized framework for the design of TB that can be used for low-cost and real-time runoff monitoring under many different conditions. The framework consists of an estimation of the runoff peak rate using the rational equation and a volumetric capacity estimate of the cavity based on runoff rate, operation speed, and inclination angle of TB when at resting position. The proposed framework was implemented in a case study where four TBs were designed for continuous runoff monitoring from experimental plots (100m2) with different land use (sugarcane, soybean, and bare soil).Results: During field tests (five months), the designed TBs had a recovery rate of actual runoff ranging from 61% to 81% and were able to capture features poorly studied (starting/ending time and peak flow) that have potential importance in hydrological models.Discussion: The proposed framework is flexible and can be used for different environmental conditions to provide continuous runoff data records.
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| 10. |
- Unkels, R, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility, usability and acceptability of a novel digital hybrid-system for reporting of routine maternal health information in Southern Tanzania: A mixed-methods study
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLOS global public health. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 2767-3375. ; 3:1, s. e0000972-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health information systems are important for health planning and progress monitoring. Still, data from health facilities are often of limited quality in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries. Quality deficits are partially rooted in the fact that paper-based documentation is still the norm at facility level, leading to mistakes in summarizing and manual copying. Digitization of data at facility level would allow automatization of these procedural steps. Here we aimed to evaluate the feasibility, usability and acceptability of a scanning innovation called Smart Paper Technology for digital data processing. We used a mixed-methods design to understand users’ engagement with Smart Paper Technology and identify potential positive and negative effects of this innovation in three health facilities in Southern Tanzania. Eight focus group discussions and 11 in-depth interviews with users were conducted. We quantified time used by health care providers for documentation and patient care using time-motion methods. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear models were generated to compare the difference before and after introduction and adjust for confounders. Health care providers and health care managers appreciated the forms’ simple design features and perceived Smart Paper Technology as time-saving and easy to use. The time-motion study with 273.3 and 224.0 hours of observations before and after introduction of Smart Paper Technology, respectively, confirmed that working time spent on documentation did not increase (27.0% at baseline and 26.4% post-introduction; adjusted p = 0.763). Time spent on patient care was not negatively impacted (26.9% at baseline and 37.1% at post-intervention; adjusted p = 0.001). Health care providers described positive effects on their accountability for data and service provision relating to the fact that individually signed forms were filled. Health care providers perceived Smart Paper Technology as feasible, easy to integrate and acceptable in their setting, particularly as it did not add time to documentation.
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