| 1. |
- Andreas, Lale, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of waste quality and landfill technology on the long-term behaviour of municipal landfills
- 1999
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 17:6, s. 413-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pollution potential of old municipal landfills of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) is not as bad as expected, even taking into consideration that most lack environmental protection systems. Compared with specific conditions in the former GDR (such as production and consumption), the disposal of waste and the long-term behaviour of landfills clearly differs from that in the old German federal states. Low quantities of deposited waste created slowly growing landfills, and therefore led to rapid degradation processes still in the aerobic milieu. As a result of the increasing similarity of waste quantities and composition in the new and old federal states after 1990, waste deposited today can be expected to have similar long- term behaviour and emissions as existing old Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) landfills which were operating during the 1970s and 1980s.
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| 2. |
- Klausing, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
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Auswertung zweier reststoffbasierter Deponieabdeckungen
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Large amounts of material will be needed to install covers on closed landfill constructions due to the application of EU landfill directive 1999/31/EC. Approximately 1 million t of ashes are produced in Sweden each year. The interest in substituting conventional construction materials for landfill covers by alternative materials increases by the possibility to implement advantages, such as saving natural resources and economic benefits, using SCM. But to use SCM advantageous for the intended purpose, additional problems compared to the use of conventional materials have to be solved, such as availability, storing, preparation, planning and the construction process itself. Thorough investigations and experiments to characterize the used materials are a necessity. At Tveta Landfill in Södertälje field investigations are performed concerning different cover construction designs. During an excavation in 2007 samples from the different layers of the cover of two test fields were collected. In this study the development of the cover constructions is investigated focusing the mechanical and chemical stability of the cover constructions. During the investigations the bulk density, WHC and total composition of the material were analyzed and a diffusion test was performed. No negative development of the mechanical properties of the material due to ageing processes could be determined. The results of the analyses show that the construction process itself influences the future mechanical and chemical conditions of the cover construction. For example, the delayed covering of the protection layer of area 1 by the vegetation layer resulted in displaced concentrations for most considered components within the solid matter.The comparison of solid matter content and leaching behaviour before installation and after excavation after two and four years, respectively, indicate a trend to decreasing concentrations for most of the concerned components. The trend is only weak due to the short time the material was in place and because the amount of water that percolated through the layers was reported to be small. For some components enrichment especially in the protection layer of area 4 was determined. It could be shown that this enrichment is caused by the superimposed vegetation layer material, which contains high concentration levels for some elements. The transport path of these components leading to a contamination of the other layers by leaching could also be disclosed. The leaching behaviour of the fly ash used in area 4 was studied in a diffusion test using leachate from the protection layer as a way to understand the influence of different layers on each other. Moreover, the comparison of the results from this test with another diffusion test using distilled water reveals different behaviour depending on the used leachant. The diffusion occurs in the initial phase of the experiment for the concerned diffusion controlled components influenced by the leachate of the protection layer. A difference in the leached amounts could also be noticed. The stabilization of the mineral liner due to the formation of clay minerals could not be proved analytically, but the precursors reported to be necessary for this process could be determined.Leaching was found to have the main impact on the stabilization of the cover construction, causing the reduction of component concentrations and the approach to an equilibrium state between the cover and its environment. It was shown that the influence of leaching emissions on the environment is controllable. A risk for the environment was determined by the contaminated vegetation layer of area 4, hence uncontrolled emissions of components into the environment by plants and animals may occur.As a result of this study it is shown that the implementation of SCM is possible. Whether constructing with SCM is successful or not strongly depends on anticipatory planning and the design, the knowledge of the materials properties, their development over time and their interactions.
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| 3. |
- Marklund, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Treatment oriented waste characterization
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New types of materials and products are developed every day, and subsequently, new types of wastes. At the same time, new regulations are put forth to protect human health and the ecosystems from the negative impacts of wastes. Often, the waste management industry is responsible to deal with these problems, and hence, good knowledge about wastes and their treatment is crucial. Waste is normally characterized in order to determine a treatment; however, this usually implies a known treatment method.This thesis aims to provide a structured approach about how to describe different treatments, and to provide guidance on how to characterize wastes in a solution oriented manner. A distinction is made between two types of treatments: those based on separation processes and those based on transformation processes, as well as combinations of the two. Separation processes are common in mechanical treatment such as sieving or air-classification. Transformation processes are common in such treatments as shredding, electroporation, radiation treatment, and stabilization. Most treatments consist of both a transformation and a separation process, such as incineration, in which the organic carbon is oxidized (transformed) into CO2,that then is separated from the remaining solids. Other examples of combined processes are composting and anaerobic digestion.A framework is presented that enables a quantitative description of different waste treatments such as anaerobic digestion and incineration in the same context. All transformation processes take place in an environment that can be described by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, redox, radiation etc. By relating different treatments or observations to each other in an n-dimension matrix, it is possible to not only locate the currently known treatments, but also to locate unexplored areas, i.e. combinations of environmental factors that could be used to treat wastes in new ways.The addition of the n-dimensional framework to the general characterization model, together with the “top down” strategy for characterization provide valuable insights useful for dealing with new types of wastes in an efficient manner.
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