| 1. |
- Stolpe, Karin
(författare)
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Att uppmärksamma det väsentliga : Lärares ämnesdidaktiska förmågor ur ett interaktionskognitivt perspektiv
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här avhandlingen syftar till att belysa lärares ämnesdidaktiska förmågor i naturvetenskap. Jag fokuserar på tre olika förmågor som är centrala för lärare, nämligen lärares professionella seende, deras automatiska agerande samt deras förmåga att berätta narrativ. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för avhandlingen är det som jag kallar för det interaktionskognitiva perspektivet. Tre olika aspekter av interaktion behandlas, interaktion mellan individen och hennes omgivning, interaktion mellan individen och andra individer samt interaktion mellan två olika kunskapsformer – den deklarerbara och den intuitiva kunskapen – som bearbetas i det explicita respektive det implicita minnessystemet. Modellen om de två minnessystemen är således central i den här avhandlingen och jag behandlar hur dessa båda minnessystem samverkar så att deklarerbara och intuitiva kunskaper tar sig i uttryck i form av förmågor. Informanterna i de ingående studierna utgörs av såväl lärarstudenter som erfarna lärare som undervisar om, berättar om eller löser problem med ett naturvetenskapligt innehåll, med särskild tyngdpunkt på ekologi. Datainsamlingen har främst bestått i intervjuer, såväl semistrukturerade som stimulated recall-intervjuer. Dessutom har data samlats in genom att undervisning har videofilmats och att informanter har beskrivit sin undervisning i loggböcker. Resultaten visar att vi kan urskilja tre olika aspekter av lärares professionella seende: uppmärksamma, identifiera och känna igen. Förmågan att uppmärksamma det väsentliga i en komplex miljö, exempelvis att finna en viss typ av gräs bland andra gräs, är starkt förknippad med förmågan att känna igen. Dessa förmågor bygger på intuitiv kunskap och är därmed en långlivad förmåga. Att identifiera, dvs. att kunna sätta ett namn på gräset, är däremot en deklarerbar kunskap som är snabbt avklingande relativt lärtillfället. Vidare visar resultaten att förmågan att agera automatiskt är starkt situerad och därmed sammanlänkad med lärandemiljön, elevgruppen och det specifika innehållet. Automatiskt agerande bygger på erfarenhet (igenkänning) av en specifik situation vartill ett beteende är kopplat. En lärare behöver inte själv vara medveten om sitt agerande eftersom detta är en intuitiv kunskap. Den intuitiva kunskapen verkar dessutom vara en viktig del av berättelser. Studenterna kunde upp till ett år efter lärtillfället återberätta grunddragen i en historia. Däremot visade det sig att de exakta vetenskapliga termerna, dvs. den deklarerbara kunskapen, till stor del hade bytts ut mot mer vanligt förekommande termer. Jag vill poängtera värdet av både intuitiv och deklarerbar kunskap i lärarutbildningen.
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| 2. |
- Verder, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid test for lung maturity, based on spectroscopy of gastric aspirate, predicted respiratory distress syndrome with high sensitivity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 106:3, s. 430-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in premature infants. By the time symptoms appear, it may already be too late to prevent a severe course, with bronchopulmonary dysplasia or mortality. We aimed to develop a rapid test of lung maturity for targeting surfactant supplementation. Methods: Concentrations of the most surface-active lung phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in gastric aspirates from premature infants were measured by mass spectrometry and expressed as the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S). The same aspirates were analysed with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, L/S was measured in gastric aspirates and oropharyngeal secretions from another group of premature infants using spectroscopy and the results were compared with RDS development. The 10-minute analysis required 10 μL of aspirate. Results: An L/S algorithm was developed based on 89 aspirates. Subsequently, gastric aspirates were sampled in 136 infants of 24-31 weeks of gestation and 61 (45%) developed RDS. The cut-off value of L/S was 2.2, sensitivity was 92%, and specificity was 73%. In 59 cases, the oropharyngeal secretions had less valid L/S than gastric aspirate results. Conclusion: Our rapid test for lung maturity, based on spectroscopy of gastric aspirate, predicted RDS with high sensitivity.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Lars-Erik, 1953-
(författare)
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Från novis till expert : förtrogenhetskunskap i kognitiv och didaktisk belysning
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att bidra till förståelsen av beprövad erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap, det vi förknippar med fårdigheter, förmågor och förtrogenhet. Avhandlingen är enintegrerande forskningsöversikt, fntegrative research review. Genom att sammanställa, jämföra och integrera resultat från psykologins, beteendevetenskapens, neuromedicinens och neurofysiologins forskningsfålt synliggör författaren en neurodidaktisk modell för hur experters egenskaper och förmågor byggs upp under praktisk erfarenhet i en specifik kontext.När en engagerad individ utsätts för en upprepad variation av upplevelser skapas kunskap som består av utfallsmärkta sensoriska mönster i framför allt de basala ganglierna men även i amygdala och cerebellum. Dessa sammantaget utgör ett implicit, omedvetet inlärningssystem parallellt med det medvetna explicita. Det implicita systemet jämför det vi betraktar med tidigare lagrade mönster vilket gör att vi snabbt kan upptäcka vad som är relevant i komplexa, stressade situationer. Med dess hjälp blir vi mer kompetenta i vår roll som lärare, hantverkare, läkare etc. Den här kunskapen blir omedveten, dold och tyst, det som Polanyi kallar Tacit knowledge och som bröderna Dreyfus refererar till som holistic pattern recognition. När vårt medvetande uppmärksammar ett igenkännande i det implicita systemet upplever vi en känsla, intuition eller gut feeling. Det implicita bedömningssystemet hämmas inte av arbetsminnets begränsningar i hastighet och antal detaljer och blir med tiden en resurs som visar sig som förtrogenhet inom en praktik. Mycket talar för att de mönster och erfarenheter som lagras i det implicita systemet används vid problemlösning. Detta leder till implikationer för hur undervisning och lärandemiljöer i exempelvis teknikämnet ska planeras för att befrämja en kreativ utveckling hos den lärande.Det implicita systemet ger oss en omedveten kapacitet att tolka andra människors kroppsspråk och aktiveras av kända kontexter och artefakter. Detta påverkar de svar vi som forskare får från våra informanter i en intervjusituation. För att nå expertens tysta kunskap om t.ex. bedömningskriterier kan en speciell intervjumetod; Repertory Grid Technique, användas.
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| 5. |
- Dumanski, Jan P., et al.
(författare)
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A MUTYH germline mutation is associated with small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors
- 2017
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Ingår i: Endocrine-Related Cancer. - 1351-0088 .- 1479-6821. ; 24:8, s. 427-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genetics behind predisposition to small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) is largely unknown, but there is growing awareness of a familial form of the disease. We aimed to identify germline mutations involved in the carcinogenesis of SI-NETs. The strategy included next-generation sequencing of exome- and/or whole-genome of blood DNA, and in selected cases, tumor DNA, from 24 patients from 15 families with the history of SI-NETs. We identified seven candidate mutations in six genes that were further studied using 215 sporadic SI-NET patients. The result was compared with the frequency of the candidate mutations in three control cohorts with a total of 35,688 subjects. A heterozygous variant causing an amino acid substitution p.(Gly396Asp) in the MutY DNA glycosylase gene (MUTYH) was significantly enriched in SI-NET patients (minor allele frequencies 0.013 and 0.003 for patients and controls respectively) and resulted in odds ratio of 5.09 (95% confidence interval 1.56-14.74; P value = 0.0038). We also found a statistically significant difference in age at diagnosis between familial and sporadic SI-NETs. MUTYH is involved in the protection of DNA from mutations caused by oxidative stress. The inactivation of this gene leads to specific increase of G:C- > T:A transversions in DNA sequence and has been shown to cause various cancers in humans and experimental animals. Our results suggest that p.(Gly396Asp) in MUTYH, and potentially other mutations in additional members of the same DNA excision-repair pathway (such as the OGG1 gene) might be involved in driving the tumorigenesis leading to familial and sporadic SI-NETs.
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| 6. |
- Lu, Ming, et al.
(författare)
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Expression and association of TRPC subtypes with Orai1 and STIM1 in human parathyroid
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. - 0952-5041 .- 1479-6813. ; 44:5, s. 285-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism behind Ca2+ entry into the parathyroid cells has been widely debated, and the molecular identities of the responsible ion channels have not been established yet. In this study, we show that the parathyroid cells lack voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Passive store depletion by thapsigargin, on the other hand, induces a large non-voltage-activated non-selective cation current. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ caused by thapsigargin is attenuated by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, a blocker of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Candidate molecules for non-voltage-operated Ca2+ signaling were investigated. These included members of the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) ion channel family, as well as Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ modulator 1 (Orai1) and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) that are key proteins in the SOCE pathway. Using RT-PCR screening, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot, we showed expression of TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC6; Orai1; and STIM1 genes and proteins in normal and adenomatous human parathyroid tissues. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a ternary complex of TRPC1-Orai1-STIM1, supporting a physical interaction between these molecules in human parathyroid.
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| 7. |
- Lundström, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing student theses : differences and similarities between examiners from different academic disciplines
- 2016
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Ingår i: Practitioner Research in Higher Education. - : University of Cumbria. - 1755-1382. ; 10:1, s. 217-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The writing of student theses is an important activity at universities and is expected to demonstrate the students’ academic skills. In the teacher-education programme, examiners from different academic disciplines are involved in supervising and examining student theses. Moreover, different subject disciplines have different traditions concerning what is seen as knowledge and the way research is performed, which could result in different assessment practices and judgements. Earlier studies demonstrate a fragmented picture concerning the importance of the examiners’ academic discipline in judging theses. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether examiners from different academic subject disciplines emphasise similar or different criteria when assessing student theses. A total of 66 examiners from six universities with teacher education programmes in Sweden have answered an online Q-survey where they compared different criteria and rank-ordered them. The results demonstrate minor differences between individuals from different academic disciplines: Only two out of the 45 criteria had significant differences between academic discipline groups. Thus, the results indicate that teacher education is a boundary-crossing, multi-disciplinary field which primarily uses generic criteria.
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| 8. |
- Norman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Neonatal Quality Register - contents, completeness and validity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : WILEY. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 108:8, s. 1411-1418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To describe the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register (SNQ) and to determine its completeness and agreement with other registers.Methods: SNQ collects data for infants admitted to neonatal units during the first four postnatal weeks. Completeness and registers' agreement were determined cross-linking SNQ data with Swedish population registers (the Inpatient, Medical Birth and Cause of Death Registers) for a study period of five years.Results: In total, 84 712 infants were hospitalised. A total of 52 806 infants occurred in both SNQ and the population registers; 28 692 were only found in the population registers, and 3214 infants were only found in SNQ. Between gestational weeks 24-34, completeness of SNQ was 98-99%. Below and above these gestational ages, completeness was lower. Infants missing in SNQ were term or near-term in 99% of the cases, and their diagnoses indicated conditions managed in maternity units, or re-admissions for acute infections, managed in paediatric units. For most diagnoses, the agreement between SNQ and population registers was high, but some (bronchopulmonary dysplasia and grade of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy) were often missing in the population registers.Conclusion: SNQ completeness and agreement against other registers, especially for preterm infants, is excellent. SNQ is a valid tool for benchmarking, quality improvement and research.
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| 9. |
- Verder, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Early Surfactant Guided by Lamellar Body Counts on Gastric Aspirate in Very Preterm Infants
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 104:2, s. 116-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We have developed a rapid method, based on lamellar body counts (LBC) on gastric aspirate, for identifying newborns who will develop respiratory distress syndrome with a need for surfactant supplementation. Objective: We set out to test whether it was possible to improve the outcome when used in a clinical trial. Methods: We randomly assigned 380 infants born at 24-29 weeks' gestation and supported with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) to receive surfactant guided either by LBC (intervention group) or increasing need for oxygen (control group). The primary outcome was mechanical ventilation or death within 5 days. Secondary outcomes included need for oxygen expressed by arterial to alveolar oxygen tension ratio (a/APO(2)) at the age of 6 h and need for oxygen at day 28. Results: The primary outcomes were equal (25%) in the two groups. The intervention group had higher a/APO(2) than the control group at 6 h, median 0.64 versus 0.52 (p < 0.01), and the subgroup with gestational age 26-29 weeks needed fewer days of oxygen supplementation than the controls, median 2 vs. 9 days (p = 0.01), and fewer infants needed oxygen at day 28 (p = 0.04). Furthermore, there was a tendency in the intervention group towards a shorter duration of nCPAP. Too little or viscose aspirate in 23% of the cases was a limitation of the method. Conclusion: Using LBC test as indicator of lung maturity and early surfactant therapy in very preterm newborns, it is possible to reduce the need for oxygen supplementation. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
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| 10. |
- Adiyaman, Ahmet, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of the ambulatory arterial stiffness index in 7604 subjects from 6 populations
- 2008
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Ingår i: Hypertension. - 1524-4563. ; 52:6, s. 1038-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) is derived from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings. We investigated whether the goodness-of-fit of the AASI regression line in individual subjects (r(2)) impacts on the association of AASI with established determinants of the relation between diastolic and systolic blood pressures. We constructed the International Database on the Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes (7604 participants from 6 countries). AASI was unity minus the regression slope of diastolic on systolic blood pressure in individual 24-hour ambulatory recordings. AASI correlated positively with age and 24-hour mean arterial pressure and negatively with body height and 24-hour heart rate. The single correlation coefficients and the mutually adjusted partial regression coefficients of AASI with age, height, 24-hour mean pressure, and 24-hour heart rate increased from the lowest to the highest quartile of r(2). These findings were consistent in dippers and nondippers (night:day ratio of systolic pressure >or=0.90), women and men, and in Europeans, Asians, and South Americans. The cumulative z score for the association of AASI with these determinants of the relation between diastolic and systolic blood pressures increased curvilinearly with r(2), with most of the improvement in the association occurring above the 20th percentile of r(2) (0.36). In conclusion, a better fit of the AASI regression line enhances the statistical power of analyses involving AASI as marker of arterial stiffness. An r(2) value of 0.36 might be a threshold in sensitivity analyses to improve the stratification of cardiovascular risk.
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