| 1. |
- Stolpe, Karin
(författare)
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Att uppmärksamma det väsentliga : Lärares ämnesdidaktiska förmågor ur ett interaktionskognitivt perspektiv
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här avhandlingen syftar till att belysa lärares ämnesdidaktiska förmågor i naturvetenskap. Jag fokuserar på tre olika förmågor som är centrala för lärare, nämligen lärares professionella seende, deras automatiska agerande samt deras förmåga att berätta narrativ. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för avhandlingen är det som jag kallar för det interaktionskognitiva perspektivet. Tre olika aspekter av interaktion behandlas, interaktion mellan individen och hennes omgivning, interaktion mellan individen och andra individer samt interaktion mellan två olika kunskapsformer – den deklarerbara och den intuitiva kunskapen – som bearbetas i det explicita respektive det implicita minnessystemet. Modellen om de två minnessystemen är således central i den här avhandlingen och jag behandlar hur dessa båda minnessystem samverkar så att deklarerbara och intuitiva kunskaper tar sig i uttryck i form av förmågor. Informanterna i de ingående studierna utgörs av såväl lärarstudenter som erfarna lärare som undervisar om, berättar om eller löser problem med ett naturvetenskapligt innehåll, med särskild tyngdpunkt på ekologi. Datainsamlingen har främst bestått i intervjuer, såväl semistrukturerade som stimulated recall-intervjuer. Dessutom har data samlats in genom att undervisning har videofilmats och att informanter har beskrivit sin undervisning i loggböcker. Resultaten visar att vi kan urskilja tre olika aspekter av lärares professionella seende: uppmärksamma, identifiera och känna igen. Förmågan att uppmärksamma det väsentliga i en komplex miljö, exempelvis att finna en viss typ av gräs bland andra gräs, är starkt förknippad med förmågan att känna igen. Dessa förmågor bygger på intuitiv kunskap och är därmed en långlivad förmåga. Att identifiera, dvs. att kunna sätta ett namn på gräset, är däremot en deklarerbar kunskap som är snabbt avklingande relativt lärtillfället. Vidare visar resultaten att förmågan att agera automatiskt är starkt situerad och därmed sammanlänkad med lärandemiljön, elevgruppen och det specifika innehållet. Automatiskt agerande bygger på erfarenhet (igenkänning) av en specifik situation vartill ett beteende är kopplat. En lärare behöver inte själv vara medveten om sitt agerande eftersom detta är en intuitiv kunskap. Den intuitiva kunskapen verkar dessutom vara en viktig del av berättelser. Studenterna kunde upp till ett år efter lärtillfället återberätta grunddragen i en historia. Däremot visade det sig att de exakta vetenskapliga termerna, dvs. den deklarerbara kunskapen, till stor del hade bytts ut mot mer vanligt förekommande termer. Jag vill poängtera värdet av både intuitiv och deklarerbar kunskap i lärarutbildningen.
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| 2. |
- Björklund, Lars-Erik, 1953-
(författare)
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Från novis till expert : förtrogenhetskunskap i kognitiv och didaktisk belysning
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att bidra till förståelsen av beprövad erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap, det vi förknippar med fårdigheter, förmågor och förtrogenhet. Avhandlingen är enintegrerande forskningsöversikt, fntegrative research review. Genom att sammanställa, jämföra och integrera resultat från psykologins, beteendevetenskapens, neuromedicinens och neurofysiologins forskningsfålt synliggör författaren en neurodidaktisk modell för hur experters egenskaper och förmågor byggs upp under praktisk erfarenhet i en specifik kontext.När en engagerad individ utsätts för en upprepad variation av upplevelser skapas kunskap som består av utfallsmärkta sensoriska mönster i framför allt de basala ganglierna men även i amygdala och cerebellum. Dessa sammantaget utgör ett implicit, omedvetet inlärningssystem parallellt med det medvetna explicita. Det implicita systemet jämför det vi betraktar med tidigare lagrade mönster vilket gör att vi snabbt kan upptäcka vad som är relevant i komplexa, stressade situationer. Med dess hjälp blir vi mer kompetenta i vår roll som lärare, hantverkare, läkare etc. Den här kunskapen blir omedveten, dold och tyst, det som Polanyi kallar Tacit knowledge och som bröderna Dreyfus refererar till som holistic pattern recognition. När vårt medvetande uppmärksammar ett igenkännande i det implicita systemet upplever vi en känsla, intuition eller gut feeling. Det implicita bedömningssystemet hämmas inte av arbetsminnets begränsningar i hastighet och antal detaljer och blir med tiden en resurs som visar sig som förtrogenhet inom en praktik. Mycket talar för att de mönster och erfarenheter som lagras i det implicita systemet används vid problemlösning. Detta leder till implikationer för hur undervisning och lärandemiljöer i exempelvis teknikämnet ska planeras för att befrämja en kreativ utveckling hos den lärande.Det implicita systemet ger oss en omedveten kapacitet att tolka andra människors kroppsspråk och aktiveras av kända kontexter och artefakter. Detta påverkar de svar vi som forskare får från våra informanter i en intervjusituation. För att nå expertens tysta kunskap om t.ex. bedömningskriterier kan en speciell intervjumetod; Repertory Grid Technique, användas.
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| 3. |
- Dumanski, Jan P., et al.
(författare)
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A MUTYH germline mutation is associated with small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors
- 2017
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Ingår i: Endocrine-Related Cancer. - 1351-0088 .- 1479-6821. ; 24:8, s. 427-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genetics behind predisposition to small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) is largely unknown, but there is growing awareness of a familial form of the disease. We aimed to identify germline mutations involved in the carcinogenesis of SI-NETs. The strategy included next-generation sequencing of exome- and/or whole-genome of blood DNA, and in selected cases, tumor DNA, from 24 patients from 15 families with the history of SI-NETs. We identified seven candidate mutations in six genes that were further studied using 215 sporadic SI-NET patients. The result was compared with the frequency of the candidate mutations in three control cohorts with a total of 35,688 subjects. A heterozygous variant causing an amino acid substitution p.(Gly396Asp) in the MutY DNA glycosylase gene (MUTYH) was significantly enriched in SI-NET patients (minor allele frequencies 0.013 and 0.003 for patients and controls respectively) and resulted in odds ratio of 5.09 (95% confidence interval 1.56-14.74; P value = 0.0038). We also found a statistically significant difference in age at diagnosis between familial and sporadic SI-NETs. MUTYH is involved in the protection of DNA from mutations caused by oxidative stress. The inactivation of this gene leads to specific increase of G:C- > T:A transversions in DNA sequence and has been shown to cause various cancers in humans and experimental animals. Our results suggest that p.(Gly396Asp) in MUTYH, and potentially other mutations in additional members of the same DNA excision-repair pathway (such as the OGG1 gene) might be involved in driving the tumorigenesis leading to familial and sporadic SI-NETs.
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| 4. |
- Lu, Ming, et al.
(författare)
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Expression and association of TRPC subtypes with Orai1 and STIM1 in human parathyroid
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. - 0952-5041 .- 1479-6813. ; 44:5, s. 285-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism behind Ca2+ entry into the parathyroid cells has been widely debated, and the molecular identities of the responsible ion channels have not been established yet. In this study, we show that the parathyroid cells lack voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Passive store depletion by thapsigargin, on the other hand, induces a large non-voltage-activated non-selective cation current. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ caused by thapsigargin is attenuated by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, a blocker of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Candidate molecules for non-voltage-operated Ca2+ signaling were investigated. These included members of the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) ion channel family, as well as Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ modulator 1 (Orai1) and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) that are key proteins in the SOCE pathway. Using RT-PCR screening, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot, we showed expression of TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC6; Orai1; and STIM1 genes and proteins in normal and adenomatous human parathyroid tissues. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a ternary complex of TRPC1-Orai1-STIM1, supporting a physical interaction between these molecules in human parathyroid.
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| 5. |
- Lundström, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing student theses : differences and similarities between examiners from different academic disciplines
- 2016
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Ingår i: Practitioner Research in Higher Education. - : University of Cumbria. - 1755-1382. ; 10:1, s. 217-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The writing of student theses is an important activity at universities and is expected to demonstrate the students’ academic skills. In the teacher-education programme, examiners from different academic disciplines are involved in supervising and examining student theses. Moreover, different subject disciplines have different traditions concerning what is seen as knowledge and the way research is performed, which could result in different assessment practices and judgements. Earlier studies demonstrate a fragmented picture concerning the importance of the examiners’ academic discipline in judging theses. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether examiners from different academic subject disciplines emphasise similar or different criteria when assessing student theses. A total of 66 examiners from six universities with teacher education programmes in Sweden have answered an online Q-survey where they compared different criteria and rank-ordered them. The results demonstrate minor differences between individuals from different academic disciplines: Only two out of the 45 criteria had significant differences between academic discipline groups. Thus, the results indicate that teacher education is a boundary-crossing, multi-disciplinary field which primarily uses generic criteria.
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| 6. |
- Norman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Neonatal Quality Register - contents, completeness and validity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : WILEY. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 108:8, s. 1411-1418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To describe the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register (SNQ) and to determine its completeness and agreement with other registers.Methods: SNQ collects data for infants admitted to neonatal units during the first four postnatal weeks. Completeness and registers' agreement were determined cross-linking SNQ data with Swedish population registers (the Inpatient, Medical Birth and Cause of Death Registers) for a study period of five years.Results: In total, 84 712 infants were hospitalised. A total of 52 806 infants occurred in both SNQ and the population registers; 28 692 were only found in the population registers, and 3214 infants were only found in SNQ. Between gestational weeks 24-34, completeness of SNQ was 98-99%. Below and above these gestational ages, completeness was lower. Infants missing in SNQ were term or near-term in 99% of the cases, and their diagnoses indicated conditions managed in maternity units, or re-admissions for acute infections, managed in paediatric units. For most diagnoses, the agreement between SNQ and population registers was high, but some (bronchopulmonary dysplasia and grade of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy) were often missing in the population registers.Conclusion: SNQ completeness and agreement against other registers, especially for preterm infants, is excellent. SNQ is a valid tool for benchmarking, quality improvement and research.
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| 7. |
- Axell, Cecilia, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Teacher Students’ Critical Thinking Skills Using the Concept of Disruptive Technologies
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 PATT36 International Conference. - : Technology Education Research Group. - 9781527225077 - 9781527225084 ; , s. 239-245
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Critical thinking is fundamental to 21st century learning and has thus become an important part of the technology curricula in many countries. Critical thinking draws on the ability to examine, analyse, interpret and evaluate, as well as asking questions and participating in discussions about risks and benefits of different technological solutions. An important task for teachers is to support young children in developing these skills. Students on a Swedish primary school teacher education programme were given an assignment inspired by the concept of ‘disruptive technologies’ (Barlex, Givens & Steeg, 2016; Manyika, Chui, Bughin, Dobbs, Bisson & Marrs, 2013), choosing from one of nine disruptive technologies and searching for information. The list was created on the grounds that these are technologies that are likely to have a significant effect on the students’ lives in a not too distant future. Based on the information found, the students were to critically analyse the technology they had chosen. This case study was performed through a thematic analysis of 120 assignment texts. The analysis showed that some of the suggested technologies were chosen more often than others. Autonomous cars came top, although robots in elderly care were the most frequently chosen technology among female students. The students performed well in the searching and collecting process. They found information about pros and cons for their chosen disruptive technology. However, the analysis also showed that the students had difficulty evaluating and problematising the information they had found. In their conclusions they did not change their original point of view. Even though they found more negative aspects of a new technology, they accentuated the positives.
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| 8. |
- Björklund, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Matematikkundervisning
- 2013
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna boken är skriven av en grupp erfarna norska och svenska lärarutbildare i matematik. Boken bygger på utprövad erfarenhet - såväl egen som andras - och på aktuell, relevant forskning i matematikdidaktik. Texten väver samman matematik och matematikdidaktik, det vill säga ämnet som det undervisas i och frågor om hur ämnet kan läras och undervisas. Boken innehåller det som är absolut viktigast att få med sig i den grundläggande lärarutbildningen i matmatik.
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| 9. |
- Björklund, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Admission N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and its interaction with admission troponin T and ST segment resolution for early risk stratification in ST elevation myocardial infarction
- 2006
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Ingår i: Heart. - : BMJ Publishing Group. - 1468-201X .- 1355-6037. ; 92:6, s. 735-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the long term prognostic value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) on admission and its prognostic interaction with both admission troponin T (TnT) concentrations and resolution of ST segment elevation in fibrinolytic treated ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). DESIGN AND SETTING: Substudy of the ASSENT (assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic) -2 and ASSENT-PLUS trials. PATIENTS: NT-proBNP and TnT concentrations were determined on admission in 782 patients. According to NT-proBNP concentrations, patients were divided into three groups: normal concentration (for patients < or = 65 years, < or = 184 ng/l and < or = 268 ng/l and for those > 65 years, < or = 269 ng/l and < or = 391 ng/l in men and women, respectively); higher than normal but less than the median concentration (742 ng/l); and above the median concentration. For TnT, a cut off of 0.1 microg/l was used. Of the 782 patients, 456 had ST segment resolution (< 50% or > or = 50%) at 60 minutes calculated from ST monitoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause one year mortality. RESULTS: One year mortality increased stepwise according to increasing concentrations of NT-proBNP (3.4%, 6.5%, and 23.5%, respectively, p < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, NT-proBNP strongly trended to be associated more with mortality than TnT and time to 50% ST resolution (area under the curve 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 0.9, 0.67, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.79, and 0.66, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.77, respectively). In a multivariable analysis adjusted for baseline risk factors and TnT, both raised NT-proBNP and ST resolution < 50% were independently associated with higher one year mortality, whereas raised TnT contributed independently only before information on ST resolution was added to the model. CONCLUSION: Admission NT-proBNP is a strong independent predictor of mortality and gives, together with 50% ST resolution at 60 minutes, important prognostic information even after adjustment for TnT and baseline characteristics in STEMI.
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| 10. |
- Björklund, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Admission Troponin T and measurement of ST-segment resolution at 60 min improve early risk stratification in ST-elevation myocardial infarction
- 2004
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Ingår i: Eur Heart J. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 25:2, s. 113-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: The prognostic value of admission troponin T (tnT) levels and the resolution of the ST-segment elevation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is well established. However, the combination of these two early available markers for predicting risk has not been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 516 patients with fibrinolytic treated STEMI from the ASSENT-2 and ASSENT-PLUS studies, which had both admission tnT and ST-monitoring available. We used a prospectively defined cut-off value of tnT of 0.1microg/l. For ST-segment resolution, a cut-off of 50% measured after 60min was used. Both a tnT >/=0.1microg/l (n=116) and ST-segment resolution <50% (n=301) were related to higher one-year mortality, 13% vs 4% (P<0.001) and 8.4% vs 2.8% (P=0.009), respectively. In a multivariate analysis ST-segment resolution was and tnT showed a strong trend to be independently related to mortality. The combination of both further improved risk stratification. The one-year mortality in the group with elevation of tnT and without ST-segment resolution compared to the group without tnT elevation and with ST-segment resolution was 18.2% vs 2.8% (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both tnT on admission and ST-segment resolution after 60min are strong predictors of one-year mortality. The combination of both gives additive early information about prognosis and further improves risk stratification.
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