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- de la Cour, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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A-like cells in the rat stomach contain ghrelin and do not operate under gastrin control
- 2001
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Ingår i: Regulatory Peptides. - 1873-1686. ; 99:2-3, s. 141-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ghrelin is a 28 a.a. gastric peptide, recently identified as a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (orphan receptor distinct from the receptor fur growth hormone releasing hormone). In the present study. radioimmunoassay demonstrated ghrelin-like material in the rat oxyntic mucosa with moderate amounts also in antrum and duodenum. Small amounts: were found in the distal intestines and pancreas. Northern blot analysis revealed abundant ghrelin mRNA in thr oxyntic mucosa. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated ghrelin-immunoreactivity in endocrine-like cells in the oxyntic mucosa. Such cells occurred in low numbers also in the antrum and duodenum. The mt oxyntic mucosa is rich in endocrine (chromogranin A/pancreastatin-immunoreactive) cells. such as the histamine-rich ECL cells (65-75% of the endocrine cells). the A-like cells (20-25%) and the D cells (somatostatin cells) (10%). The ghrelin-immunoreactive (IR) cells contained pancreastatin but differed from ECL cells and D cells by being devoid of histamine-forming enzyme (ECL cell constituent) and somatostatin (D cell constituent). Hence. ghrelin seems to occur in the A-like cells. The ghrelin-IR cells in the antrum were distinct from the gastrin cells, the serotonin-containing enterochromaffin cells and the D cells. Conceivably, ghrelin cells in the antrum and distally in the intestines also belong to the A-like cell population. The concentration of ghrelin in the circulation was: lowered by about 80% following the surgical removal of the acid-producing part of the stomach in line with the view that the oxyntic mucosa is the major sourer of ghrelin. The serum ghrelin concentration was higher in fasted rats than in fed rats; it was reduced upon re-feeding and seemed unaffected by 1-week treatment with the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, resulting in elevated serum gastrin concentration. Infusion of gastrin-17 for 2 days failed to raise the serum ghrelin concentration. Omeprazole treatment for 10 weeks raised the level of HDC mRNA but not that of ghrelin mRNA or somatostatin mRNA in the oxyntic mucosa. Hence, unlike the ECL cells, ghrelin-containing A-like cells do not seem to operate under gastrin control.
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2. |
- Ohlin, Andreas
(författare)
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Aspects on early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents four studies, all designed to improve the problematic diagnostic situation concerning infants with suspected sepsis. Study I included 401 neonates with suspected sepsis. Nine signs of sepsis and C-reactive protein were prospectively recorded and logistic regression was used to assess associations between these signs and a subsequently confirmed diagnosis of sepsis. C-reactive protein and five of the clinical signs were statistically significantly associated with a positive bloodculture. When the material was stratified by gestational age, differences between premature and full term infants were detected.Studies II and III were prospective studies that used samples collected from neonates with suspected sepsis to evaluate a novel real-timepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results where compared with simultaneously collected blood cultures. Study II used plasma samples and resulted in a sensitivity of 42% and specificity of 95%. In study III, the protocol was improved and adapted to whole blood samples which resulted in a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 90%. Both protocols included species-specific probes and study III indicated that PCR has the potential to detect bacteria in culture-negative sepsis.Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common pathogen in neonatal sepsis, but there is still a lack of typing methods suitable for large materials of S. epidermidis. In Study IV we therefore evaluated a new S. epidermidisgenotyping method based on PCR for the repeat regions of four genes thatencode for cell wall anchoring proteins. The method was applied to 49well-defined neonatal blood isolates of S. epidermidis. The combination ofsdrF and aap seemed to be optimal, resulting in a diversity index of 0.92.Conclusions• Bradycardia, apnoea, low blood pressure, feeding intolerance and distended abdomen are obvious early signs of neonatal sepsis. Premature and full-term infants differ in terms of the signs they display in neonatal sepsis.• Blood is superior to plasma for developing PCR methods for bacterial DNA detection. The PCR method described in study III can detect neonatal bacteraemia, but it can be further improved before it is used in routine care.• There has been a lack of useful typing methods for S. epidermidis.We can now present PCR of the genes for the cell wall anchoring proteins sdrF and aap as a novel and feasible approach when there is a need to type a large number of S. epidermidis isolates.
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