| 1. |
- Almemark, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis and Development of the Interpretation process in LCA
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this work is to study interpretation as a procedure to use the quantitative results of a life-cycle inventory to compare process alternatives with the aim to conclude, whether or not significant differences exist with regard to the studied issues (individual emissions or impact categories). As a result of an introductory survey a procedure for quantitative interpretations is suggested, with data-quality scoring, statistical experimental planning, and multivariate data analysis as basic tools. The procedure has been tested on a case study of treatment of paper packaging waste, either by material recycling or by energy recovery (incineration). The inventory of an earlier study has been used. With the aid of what is called a conceptual model five variables, which could be presumed to have an influence on the environmental impact of paper packaging waste treatment, were identified. The choice of technology, material recycling or energy recovery, was one of these variables. Subsequently 36 scenario calculations, organised in an experimental matrix, were performed. The result was interpreted with the multivariate techniques principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-square modelling (PLS), and uncertainty analysis. The multivariate analysis made it possible to isolate the influence of the variable 'choice of technology' on the environmental impact of the system.
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| 2. |
- Bjuggren, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Laktest för organiska ämnen i jord - utveckling av testmetod
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Målet med projektet har varit att utveckla laktest för lakning av organiska föroreningar från förorenad jord, både för att bedöma miljöfarligheten och för att kunna ge en indikation på möjliga åtgärder. Det utfördes en litteraturstudie och försök med 3 jordar spikat med 6 olika organiska ämnen med olika egenskaper. Försöksparametrar som varierades var laktid och förhållandet vätska/fast fas (LS): Utifrån den multivariata analysen kunde inte några allmänna slutsatser dras hur jord- respektive ämnesegenskaper påverkar försöksresultaten. Samband som hade nämnts i litteraturen kunde inte bekräftas. Resultaten tyder dock på att ämnets löslighet och jordens lerinnehåll påverkar utlakningen. Försöksresultaten visade för de undersökta fallen att det var tillräckligt att laka i 6 till 24 timmar. Filtreras provet innan analys kan det påverka mätresultatet avsevärt. Om inte mättnad för ett utlakat ämne nås, kan både LS 5 eller 10 användas i försök. Resultaten angående försöksutförandet bör dock verifieras med hjälp av försök med reala förorenade jordar. Det finns fortfarande frågor som inte kunde besvaras och där det skulle behövas kompletterade undersökningar
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Planning Biodegradable Waste Management in Stockholm
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 3:4, s. 43-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental impact of the management of biodegradable waste in Stockholm, based mainly on incineration and landfilling, was compared to systems with significant nutrient recycling; large-scale composting, anaerobic digestion, and separate collection and utilization of urine. The systems' emissions, residual products, energy turnover, and resource consumption were evaluated from a life-cycle perspective, using a computerized model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch model). Transportation was of relatively low importance to overall environmental impact, even at high rates of nutrient recycling. This is remarkable considering the geographical setting of Stockholm, with high population density and little nearby farmland. Ancillary systems, such as generation of electricity and district heating, were crucial for the overall outcome. Increased recycling of nutrients in solid biodegradable waste in Stockholm can reduce net environmental impact, whereas separation of human urine to be spread as fertilizer cannot yet be introduced without increased acidification. Increased nutrient recycling from solid biodegradable waste inevitably increases spreading of metals on arable land. Urine is by far the least contaminated residual product. Spreading of all other residuals would be limited by their metal content.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Björklund, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Waste Modelling Using Substance Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment
- 1998
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association’s Annual Meeting. - Stockholm : KTH. ; , s. 15pp-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer models of municipal waste management have been developed initially to focus on cost minimization. As focus in local planning changed, the objective of these models now include environmental optimization. The development of life-cycle assessment (LCA) as a standard means to quantify environmental impact, and of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a means to track down causes of environmental problems has offered new possibilities in this field. The ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch) connects LCA and SFA for evaluation of environmental impact in waste planning. Despite the holistic approach of waste planning models, they do not necessarily facilitate decision making.
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