| 1. |
- Ranehill, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Hormonal Contraceptives Do Not Impact Economic Preferences: Evidence from a Randomized Trial
- 2018
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Ingår i: Management science. - : Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). - 0025-1909 .- 1526-5501. ; 64:10, s. 4471-4965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing body of correlational studies suggests that sex hormones such as those contained in, or affected by, oral contraceptives (OCs) may impact economic behavior. However, despite widespread use of OCs among women in Western countries, little is known about their potential behavioral effects. The present study investigates whether OCs causally influence economic preferences. We randomly allocate 340 women aged 18–35 to three months of a widely used OC or placebo treatment. At the end of treatment, we conduct an economic experiment measuring altruism, financial risk taking, and willingness to compete. The statistical power is 80% to detect an effect size equal to a Cohen’s d of 0.30 at the 5% level. We find no significant effects of OCs on any of the measured preferences, indicating that this widely used OC treatment, commonly used throughout the world, does not significantly affect the measured economic preferences. Further, we find no relation between menstrual cycle phase and economic preferences in the placebo group.
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| 2. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Combined Oral Contraceptives and Sexual Function in Women-a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy B - Oxford Open Option A. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 101:11, s. 4046-4053
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: There is a lack of knowledge about how oral contraceptives may affect sexual function.Objective: To determine whether there is a causal effect of oral contraceptives on sexuality. We hypothesized that a widely used pill impairs sexuality.Design: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Enrollment began in February 2012 and was completed in August 2015.Setting: Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.Participants: A total of 340 healthy women, aged 18-35 years, were randomized to treatment, and 332 completed the study.Interventions: A combined oral contraceptive (150 mu g levonorgestrel and 30 mu g ethinylestradiol) or placebo for 3 months of treatment.Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the aggregate score on the Profile of Female Sexual Function (PFSF). Secondary outcomes were the seven domains of the PFSF, the Sexual Activity Log, and the Personal Distress Scale.Results: Overall sexual function was similar in women in the oral contraceptive and placebo groups. The PFSF domains desire (-4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], -8.49 to -0.38; P =.032), arousal (-5.1; 95% CI, -9.63 to -0.48; P=.030), and pleasure (-5.1; 95% CI, -9.97 to -0.32; P =.036) were significantly reduced in comparison to placebo, whereas orgasm, concern, responsiveness, and self-image were similar between groups. The mean frequency of satisfying sexual episodes and personal distress were also similar between groups.Conclusions: This study shows no negative impact of a levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptive on overall sexual function, although three of seven sexual function domains were adversely affected.
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| 3. |
- Parslow, Elle, et al.
(författare)
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The digit ratio (2D:4D) and economic preferences: no robust associations in a sample of 330 women
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the Economic Science Association. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-6784 .- 2199-6776. ; 5:2, s. 149-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies report on the association between 2D:4D, a putative marker for prenatal testosterone exposure, and economic preferences. However, most of these studies have limited sample sizes and test multiple hypotheses (without preregistration). In this study we mainly replicate the common specifications found in the literature for the association between the 2D:4D ratio and risk taking, the willingness to compete, and dictator game giving separately. In a sample of 330 women we find no robust associations between any of these economic preferences and 2D:4D. We find no evidence of an effect for sixteen of the eighteen total regressions we run. The two regression specifications which are significant have not previously been reported and the associations are not in the expected direction, and therefore they are unlikely to represent a real effect.
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