| 1. |
- Bluyssen, Philomena M., et al.
(författare)
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Comfort of workers in office buildings : The European HOPE project
- 2011
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 46:1, s. 280-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have shown that building, social and personal factors can influence one's perceived health and comfort. The aim of the underlying study was to get a better understanding of the relationships between these factors and perceived comfort. Self-administered questionnaires from 5732 respondents in 59 office buildings and building-specific data from the European Health Optimisation Protocol for Energy-efficient buildings (HOPE) study were used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), reliability analyses, and linear regression analysis were performed. The outcome showed that perceived comfort is strongly influenced by several personal, social and building factors and that their relationships are complex. Results showed that perceived comfort is much more than the average of perceived indoor air quality, noise, lighting and thermal comfort responses. Perceived comfort is a phenomenon that deserves more research.
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| 2. |
- Morawska, Lidia, et al.
(författare)
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A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 372:6543, s. 689-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building ventilation systems must get much better
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| 3. |
- Morawska, Lidia, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 and airborne transmission : science rejected, lives lost : can society do better?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6591. ; 76:10, s. 1854-1859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is an account that should be heard of an important struggle: the struggle of a large group of experts who came together at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic to warn the world about the risk of airborne transmission and the consequences of ignoring it. We alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) about the potential significance of the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the urgent need to control it, but our concerns were dismissed. Here we describe how this happened and the consequences. We hope that by reporting this story, we can raise awareness of the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the need to be open to new evidence, and to prevent it from happening again. Acknowledgement of an issue and the emergence of new evidence related to it, is the first necessary step towards finding effective mitigation solutions.
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| 4. |
- Morawska, Lidia, et al.
(författare)
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How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6750 .- 0160-4120. ; 142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.
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| 5. |
- Morawska, Lidia, et al.
(författare)
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Mandating indoor air quality for public buildings : if some countries lead by example, standards may increasingly become normalized
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science. - 0036-8075. ; 383:6690, s. 1418-1420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People living in urban and industrialized societies, which are expanding globally, spend more than 90% of their time in the indoor environment, breathing indoor air (IA). Despite decades of research and advocacy, most countries do not have legislated indoor air quality (IAQ) performance standards for public spaces that address concentration levels of IA pollutants. Few building codes address operation, maintenance, and retrofitting, and most do not focus on airborne disease transmission. But the COVID-19 pandemic has made all levels of society, from community members to decision-makers, realize the importance of IAQ for human health, wellbeing, productivity, and learning. We propose that IAQ standards be mandatory for public spaces. Although enforcement of IAQ performance standards in homes is not possible, homes must be designed and equipped so that they could meet the standards.For the past two decades, scientists have called for national IAQ standards and laws to be established (2), but so far, little action has been taken. The approach to IA contrasts sharply with outdoor air, for which quality is regulated and monitored and compliance with regulations is enforced. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) published in 2021 provide recommendations for concentration levels of six pollutants and their averaging times (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and apply to both outdoor air and IA (3).In cases for which IAQ standard and guideline values were established by national or association working groups, the outcomes were inconsistent; often the criteria for the same parameter differed by orders of magnitude. The reasons cited for limited progress include different criteria in the selection of the critical study, in the starting point, and in the derivation procedure; the complex political, social, and legislative situation regarding IAQ; the lack of an open, systematic, and harmonized approach; and that establishing an IAQ standard is always the result of a compromise between scientific knowledge and political will. Because of the heterogenous landscape of approaches needed, such barriers remain intact despite the considerable IAQ research and evidence base developed over the past decades.
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| 6. |
- Sormunen, Piia, et al.
(författare)
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Capturing stakeholder values : Stakeholder values, stakeholder preferences and requirements for the life cycle design process
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of Task 2.3 was to create a framework for capturing the values of different stakeholders over the life cycle of a building. The framework should work as a method for capturing goals and preferences of all stakeholders and add value to the client and constructor as well as to the society and citizens. Another goal was to create a list of value groups, values, requirements and parameters to serve as a checklist for value mapping in a design project. The framework acts as an incentive for model-based working to enable evaluation of design performance and open collaboration between all stakeholders. It presents a process during which the needs and preferences that add value to society/citizens, clients/users, and the construction sector over the life cycle of a building are captured. These stakeholder values for a facility and process are translated into requirements and attributes for the specific business case to give a clear set of design targets for the life cycle design process. In the purposes of this task, briefing is proposed as the main procedure for identifying and capturing stakeholder values. Briefing is the process in which the client’s needs, wishes and ambitions are identified, expressed and clarified in the building process. The briefing process is an integral part of the design process. It is iterative and moves from the general to the particular. Strategic briefing deals with the business case, stakeholders and project goals. Operational briefing concerns functional requirements derived from the strategic briefing. Technical briefing specifies in technical terms the consequences of the functional requirements. The briefing methods and its tools must support a top-down systems approach. The Concurrent Design Method, originally a space-born design methodology developed and used by the European Space Agency (ESA), is chosen to support the briefing process of the framework. This method ensures collaborative work where the various stakeholders interact and influence each other’s values and proposals when in sessions concurrently working on the same IT-based platform. The design work is done in collocated sessions with all stakeholders involved and present, creating an integrated design and enabling good communication and exchange of information between team members. The concurrent design method was applied by the task group in three one-day workshops with the Swedish Post head office in Stockholm as the case building. The sessions resulted in a list of all the value groups, values, requirements and parameters that were exchanged, discussed and added during the sessions. From this list, an exemplary list of value groups, values, requirements and parameters was created. This set of generalized values can be recommended to serve as a checklist for value mapping in further projects. The work in the concurrent design sessions is based on assumptions in the briefs and the results of the sessions are fed back into the briefs and can even affect the initial goals. The method was found to be very supportive for the briefing process. Because the method is iterative, it can successively contribute to a mutual, better understanding of the total project. The task group can therefore recommend it for application as a tool for briefing support. To test the created framework two studies were made: one to proof that the framework efficiently captures the stakeholder values and one to to demonstrate the detection of contradictory goals and values. The results of these studies are presented in Part 2 of this report. The work done in T2.3 is the first part of the global life cycle process, which goes from the capture of the client’s values to the evaluation of the performance of the project. The results of Task 2.3 will be further used in InPro Task 2.4 “Life Cycle Design Processes” and Task 1.3 “Key Performance Indicators”. Lists of requirements and parameters were delivered for the different life cycle processes (LCD) of InPro Task 2.4: energy performance, facility management & maintenance, enviReport – Capturing Stakeholder Values, Values, Preferences and Requirements ■ May 2009 5/45 ronmental performance & materials, cost management and project planning. These lists were placed in quality gates of different life cycle processes in order to verify and evaluate the implementation of the stakeholder values. Task 1.3 will use proposed parameters as performance indicators. The goal of the Deliverable D10 (An Evaluation Framework for Early Design based on Key Performance Indicators) is to detail the method to highlight the Key Performance Indicators, i.e. to classify and prioritise the more relevant parameters, in order to evaluate the performance of the design and of the building, and in order to compare the client’s expected requirements with the real life cycle processes. These KPI give common and reliable hypothesis, with which each actor can carry out its design, and which help taking decision with an accurate quality level to reach.
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