| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- de Boer, Wietse, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanism of antibacterial activity of the white-rot fungus Hypholoma fasciculare colonizing wood
- 2010
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of microbiology (Print). - : NRC Research Press. - 0008-4166 .- 1480-3275. ; 56:5, s. 380-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a previous study it was shown that the number of wood-inhabiting bacteria was drastically reduced after colonization of beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood blocks by the white-rot fungus Hypholoma fasciculare, or sulfur tuft (Folman et al. 2008). Here we report on the mechanisms of this fungal-induced antibacterial activity. Hypholoma fasciculare was allowed to invade beech and pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood blocks that had been precolonized by microorganisms from forest soil. The changes in the number of bacteria, fungal biomass, and fungal-related wood properties were followed for 23 weeks. Colonization by the fungus resulted in a rapid and large reduction in the number of bacteria (colony-forming units), which was already apparent after 4 weeks of incubation. The reduction in the number of bacteria coincided with fungal-induced acidification in both beech and pine wood blocks. No evidence was found for the involvement of toxic secondary metabolites or reactive oxygen species in the reduction of the number of bacteria. Additional experiments showed that the dominant bacteria present in the wood blocks were not able to grow under the acidic conditions (pH 3.5) created by the fungus. Hence our research pointed at rapid acidification as the major factor causing reduction of wood-inhabiting bacteria upon colonization of wood by H. fasciculare.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hedlund, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Mycelial responses of the soil fungus, Mortierella isabellina, to grazing by Onychiurus armatus (collembola)
- 1991
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - 0038-0717. ; 23:4, s. 361-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyphal morphology and extracellular enzyme production of the fungus Mortierella isabellina were studied during grazing by a soil Collembola, Onychiurus armatus. Grazing induced switching from a "normal" hyphal mode, with appressed growth and sporulating hyphae, to fan shaped sectors of fast growing and nonsporulating mycelium which developed extensive aerial mycelium. Specific protease and α-amylase activities were several times higher in grazed cultures where switching occurred compared with plates without switching. Increased protease activity was localized to switched sectors within the mycelium. On the basis of inhibitor studies, the protease of "normal" mycelium was classified as a metalloprotease. Switching induced activity of an additional serine protease. Anion-exchange chromatography showed that the two proteases had similar charges and, according to SDS-gclatine-PAGE. the molecular weight of the serine protease was 80.000. Switching to a fast growing hyphal mode could be one explanation for compensatory growth of grazed fungi.
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