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- Bodin, Olle, et al.
(author)
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LES of the Exhaust Flow in a Heavy-Duty Engine
- 2014
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In: Oil & gas science and technology. - : EDP Sciences. - 1294-4475 .- 1953-8189. ; 69:1, s. 177-188
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The flow in the exhaust port and the exhaust manifold of a heavy-duty Diesel engine has been studied using the Large Eddy Simulation approach. Some of the flow characteristics in these components are: flow unsteadiness and separation combined with significant geometry-induced secondary flow motion. Detailed analysis of these features may add understanding which can be used to decrease the flow losses and increase the eciency of downstream components such as turbochargers and EGR coolers. Few LES studies of the flow in these components have been conducted in the past and this, together with the complexity of the flow are the motivations for this work. This paper shows that in the exhaust port, even global parameters like total pressure losses are handled better by LES than RANS. Flow structures of the type that afect both turbine performance and EGR cooler efficiency are generated in the manifold and these are found to vary significantly during the exhaust pulse. This paper also clearly illustrates the need to make coupled simulations in order to handle the complicated boundary conditions of these gas exchange components.
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- Bodin, Olle, 1978-
(author)
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Numerical Computations of Internal Combustion Engine related Transonic and Unsteady Flows
- 2009
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vehicles with internal combustion (IC) engines fueled by hydrocarbon compounds have been used for more than 100 years for ground transportation. During the years and in particular in the last decade, the environmental aspects of IC engines have become a major political and research topic. Following this interest, the emissions of pollutants such as NOx, CO2 and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) from IC engines have been reduced considerably. Yet, there is still a clear need and possibility to improve engine efficiency while further reducing emissions of pollutants. The maximum efficiency of IC engines used in passenger cars is no more than $40\%$ and considerably less than that under part load conditions. One way to improve engine efficiency is to utilize the energy of the exhaust gases to turbocharge the engine. While turbocharging is by no means a new concept, its design and integration into the gas exchange system has been of low priority in the power train design process. One expects that the rapidly increasing interest in efficient passenger car engines would mean that the use of turbo technology will become more widespread. The flow in the IC-engine intake manifold determines the flow in the cylinder prior and during the combustion. Similarly, the flow in the exhaust manifold determines the flow into the turbine, and thereby the efficiency of the turbocharging system. In order to reduce NOx emissions, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used. As this process transport exhaust gases into the cylinder, its efficiency is dependent on the gas exchange system in general. The losses in the gas exchange system are also an issue related to engine efficiency. These aspects have been addressed up to now rather superficially. One has been interested in global aspects (e.g. pressure drop, turbine efficiency) under steady state conditions.In this thesis, we focus on the flow in the exhaust port and close to the valve. Since the flow in the port can be transonic, we study first the numerical modeling of such a flow in a more simple geometry, namely a bump placed in a wind tunnel. Large-Eddy Simulations of internal transonic flow have been carried out. The results show that transonic flow in general is very sensitive to small disturbances in the boundary conditions. Flow in the wind tunnel case is always highly unsteady in the transonic flow regime with self excited shock oscillations and associated with that also unsteady boundary-layer separation. To investigate sensitivity to periodic disturbances the outlet pressure in the wind tunnel case was varied periodically at rather low amplitude. These low amplitude oscillations caused hysteretic behavior in the mean shock position and appearance of shocks of widely different patterns. The study of a model exhaust port shows that at realistic pressure ratios, the flow is transonic in the exhaust port. Furthermore, two pairs of vortex structures are created downstream of the valve plate by the wake behind the valve stem and by inertial forces and the pressure gradient in the port. These structures dissipate rather quickly. The impact of these structures and the choking effect caused by the shock on realistic IC engine performance remains to be studied in the future.
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- Bodin, Olle, et al.
(author)
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Shock Unsteadiness and Shock Induced Separation at Transonic Flow Over a Bump
- 2008
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In: 38th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit. - Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. - 9781563479427
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Numerical simulations of internal, transonic flow has been carried out using Large Eddy Simulation. The motion of the unsteady shock and separation has been studied by using Large Eddy Simulations for steady and unsteady boundary conditions. The shock position is highly sensitive to small changes in boundary conditions in the transonic flow range. The shock position and the extent of the separated flow behind it exhibit hysteretic behavior. For the steady-state inflow conditions one observes the presence of certain modes. One of these can be related to the acoustics of the channel, where as another can be related to the shear-layer instability associated with the separation bubble.
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- Bodin, Olle
(author)
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Simulations of compressible flows associatedwith internal combustion engines
- 2013
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vehicles with internal combustion (IC) engines fueled by hydrocarbon compoundshave been used for more than 100 years for ground transportation.During these years and in particular the last decade, the environmental aspectsof IC engines have become a major political and research topic. Followingthis interest, the emissions of pollutants such as NOx, CO2 and unburnedhydrocarbons (UHC) from IC engines have been reduced considerably.Yet, there is still a clear need and possibility to improve engine efficiencywhile further reducing emissions of pollutants. The maximum efficiency ofIC engines used in passenger cars is no more than 40% and considerably lessthan that under part load conditions. One way to improve engine efficiencyis to utilize the energy of the exhaust gases to turbocharge the engine. Whileturbocharging is by no means a new concept, its design and integration intothe gas exchange system has been of low priority in the power train designprocess. One expects that the rapidly increasing interest in efficient passengercar engines would mean that the use of turbo technology will become morewidespread.The flow in the IC-engine intake manifold determines the flow in the cylinderprior and during the combustion. Similarly, the flow in the exhaust manifolddetermines the flow into the turbine, and thereby the efficiency of theturbocharging system.In order to reduce NOx emissions, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used.As this process transport exhaust gases into the cylinder, its efficiency is dependenton the gas exchange system in general. The losses in the gas exchangesystem are also an issue related to engine efficiency. These aspects have beenaddressed up to now rather superficially. One has been interested in globalaspects (e.g. pressure drop, turbine efficiency) under steady state conditions.In this thesis, the flow in the exhaust port and close to the valve as wellas in the exhaust manifold is studied. Since the flow in the port can be transonic,we study first the numerical modeling of such a flow in a more simplegeometry, namely a bump placed in a wind tunnel. Large-Eddy Simulationsof internal transonic flow have been carried out. The results show that transonicflow in general is very sensitive to small disturbances in the boundaryconditions. Flow in the wind tunnel case is always highly unsteady in the transonicflow regime with self excited shock oscillations and associated with that also unsteady boundary-layer separation. The interaction between separationzone and shock dynamics was carried out by one-, and two-point correlationsas well as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). A clear connection betweenseparation bubble dynamics and shock oscillation was found. To investigatesensitivity to periodic disturbances the outlet pressure in the wind tunnel casewas varied periodically at rather low amplitude. These low amplitude oscillationscaused hysteretic behavior in the mean shock position and appearance ofshocks of widely different patterns.The study of a model exhaust port shows that at realistic pressure ratios,the flow is transonic in the exhaust port. Furthermore, two pairs of vortexstructures are created downstream of the valve plate by the wake behind thevalve stem and by inertial forces and the pressure gradient in the port. Thesestructures dissipate rather quickly. The impact of these structures and thechoking effect caused by the shock on realistic IC engine performance remainsto be studied in the future.The flow in a heavy-duty exhaust manifold was studied under steady andengine-like boundary conditions. At all conditions, significantly unsteady flowis generated in the manifold and at the inlets to the turbine and EGR cooler.The inflow to the turbine is dominated by a combination of the blow-downpulse coming from one cylinder, and the scavenging pulse from another at thefiring frequency.
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